FMARForensic Medicine and Anatomy Research2327-4115Scientific Research Publishing10.4236/fmar.2021.94005FMAR-111681ArticlesMedicine&Healthcare 3D Vector Reconstruction of the Neck Skeleton from the Anatomical Sections of Korean Visible Human at the Anatomical Laboratory of Paris Descartes AbdoulayeKanté1*MariamDaou2JeanFrançois Uhl1VincentDelmas1BabouBa3TataTouré3OusmaneTouré3MoumounaKoné3DembaYatera3YoussoufSidibé4DrissaTraoré3BréhimaCoulibaly3NouhoumOngoïba3Department of Neurology, Gabriel Touré University Hospital in Bamako, Bamako, MaliAnatomy Laboratory, University of Paris 5, Paris, FranceFaculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, Bamako, MaliAnatomy Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali020920210904415314, June 202128, August 2021 1, September 2021© Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Aim: To perform a vector 3D reconstruction of the neck skeleton from the anatomical sections of the “Korean Visible Human” for educational purposes. Material and Methods: The anatomical subject was a 33-year-old Korean male who died of leukemia. It measured 164 cm and weighed 55 kgs. The anatomical cuts were made in 2010 after an MRI and a CT scan. A special saw (cryomacrotome) made it possible to make cuts on the frozen body of 0.2 mm thick or 5960 slices. Sections numbered 1500 to 2000 (500 neck sections) were used for this study. Manual contouring segmentation of each anatomical element of the anterior neck area was done using Winsurf software version 3.5 on a PC. Results: Our vector 3D neck model includes the following: cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone, sternum manubrium and clavicles. This vector model has been integrated into the virtual dissection table Diva3d, a new educational tool used by universities and medical schools to learn anatomy. This model was also put online on the Sketchfab website and printed in 3D using an ENDER 3 printer. Conclusion: This original work is a remarkable educational tool for the study of the skeleton of the neck and can also serve as a 3D atlas for simulation purposes for training therapeutic gestures.

Neck Skeleton Korean Visible Human 3D Vector Modeling Virtual Dissection Table Diva3d Teaching1. Introduction

The neck is the area of the body between the head and chest [1]. It supports and gives the head its mobility, allows passage to several visceral elements of the nervous system, digestive, ventilatory and phonatory, allows vascularization of the head and plays a role in the general and phosphocalcic metabolism [1].

The skeleton of the neck includes the cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone, the manubrium of the sternum and the clavicles. The clavicles belong to the upper appendicular skeleton; the cervical vertebrae, the sternal manubrium and the hyoid bone are part of the axial skeleton [2].

Neck pathologies are many and varied. Their understanding and therapeutic management require a good command of the cervical anatomy in general and in particular the osteology of the neck. We conducted this study with the objective of achieving a 3D vector reconstruction of the neck skeleton from anatomical sections of the “Korean Visible Human” in order to design a 3D tool for teaching neck osteology.

2. Methodology

The material used for vector D3 reconstruction is the anatomical slices of the “Korean Visible Human”.

The Korean Visible Human is a man of Korean nationality, who died of leukemia at the age of 33 who gave his body to science. It measured 164 cm and weighed 55 kgs (Figure 1) [3] [4] [5] [6].

The anatomical slices were made in 2010 after an MRI and a CT scan. A special saw (cryomacrotome) made it possible to make cuts on the frozen body of 0.2 mm thick or 5960 slices. Sections numbered 1500 to 2000 (500 neck sections) were used for this study (Figures 2-4).

A manual contouring segmentation of each neck bone structure was performed using Winsurf software version 3.5 on a Windows 7 laptop with 8 gigas Ram (Figure 5 & Figure 6). After the manual segmentation, we used Photoshop to insert the caption on the 3D objects.

3. Results

The methodology used allowed us to reconstruct the cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone, sternal manubrium and clavicles. We will first introduce the 3D vector reconstruction of the cervical vertebrae. Then, we will present the 3D vector reconstruction of the hyoid bone, the sternal manubrium and eventually present the 3D reconstruction of the clavicles.

3.1. 3D Vector Reconstruction of Cervical Vertebrae (Figures 7-29)3.2. 3D Vector Reconstruction of Hyoid Bone and Sternal Manubrium

Here, we will present the 3D vector reconstruction of the hyoid bone, then that of the sternal manubrium.

3.2.1. 3D Vector Reconstruction of the Hyoid Bone (Figures 17-19)3.2.2. 3D Reconstruction Vector of the Sternal Manubrium (Figures 20-22)3.3. 3D Vector Reconstruction of the Clavicles (Figures 23-25)

Our 3D reconstruction of the bony neck skeleton was inserted into the DIVA3D virtual dissection table (Figure 29).

4. Discussion

The advantage of our 3D vector modeling of the neck skeleton is essentially based on the fact that the entire work of contouring and therefore the entire 3D reconstruction, was carried out from real slices of the human body. This is followed by a major increase in the accuracy and reliability inherent in the results presented above.

Indeed, automatic reconstructions of the neck skeleton from digital processes such as MRI and CT may be somewhat disappointing in the sense that some bone structures are absent. In contrast to this process, this contouring work is based on manual segmentation, which is based on anatomical expertise, which reduces the risk of errors in reconstruction.

The second advantage lies in the fact that greater precision and the possibility of individualization of the different bony structures of the neck promote a massive application in the academic field thus contributing to a better understanding by students in medicine and other fields. Furthermore, it is fundamental to emphasize that this application is not restricted to the academic field but can also be the support of a “Surgical Training”. This allows surgeons to continue training and, a fortiori, to improve their ability in their daily practices.

In addition, the anatomical slices are of very high resolution unlike those of the Korean team working on segmented slices. In addition, the slice intervals were relatively reduced (0.2 mm vs 1.0 mm in the KVH) which greatly facilitates our work of contouring especially in tracking the path of complex entities such as bone processes.

Finally, it is clear that “Winsurf” and Acrobat 3D PDF are particularly easy to take in hand software, which is not the case of other 3D modeling and manual segmentation software. In addition, they offer a wide range of textures, which increases the realism that we can bring to our final work.

Our 3D modelling of the neck skeleton clearly demonstrates the technological advances being made in the medical and scientific field in general. It is a remarkable tool for teaching neck osteology in faculties of health.

5. Conclusion

Our 3D modeling of the neck skeleton is an original educational tool that can easily teach neck osteology and can also serve as a 3D atlas for simulation purposes for training medical gestures.

Acknowledgements

We thank Mr. Park and Mr. Chung for making the anatomical cuts of KVH available to us.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Kanté, A., Daou, M., Uhl, J.F., Delmas, V., Ba, B., Touré, T., Touré, O., Koné, M., Yatera, D., Sidibé, Y., Traoré, D., Coulibaly, B. and Ongoïba, N. (2021) 3D Vector Reconstruction of the Neck Skeleton from the Anatomical Sections of Korean Visible Human at the Anatomical Laboratory of Paris Descartes. Forensic Medicine and Anatomy Research, 9, 41-53. https://doi.org/10.4236/fmar.2021.94005

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