This study focuses on the valuation and optimization of local materials to meet the challenge of sustainable development. Faced with climate change and the preservation of the environment, research into eco-materials is necessary to reduce the energy bill while ensuring comfort and safety. The objective is to make a comparative characterization of the physico-mechanical properties of compressed earth bricks made from local materials: clay, laterite and sand. These are, on the one hand, bricks made from clay and laterite, reinforced with a percentage of sand varying between 20 % and 30% in steps of 5%., were made. On the other hand, these same mixtures stabilized with 5% cement (CEM II-32.5) are also used to produce bricks. A characte rization of the raw materials was made before studying the physi co-mechanical properties of the bricks themselves. This involved evaluating the water absorbency and compressive strength of stabilized and unstabilized bricks. The results show that the absorptivity of stabilized clay bricks is ac ceptable up to 25% sand because it is less than the 15% maximum value set by Cameroonian standard NC-104: 2002-06. However, that of stabilized laterite bricks is higher than the maximum value set by the standard. The compressive strengths, for clay bricks stabilized with 5% cement and for laterite bricks with 0% sand added, are all greater than 2 MPa and therefore are acceptable. In addition, clay bricks with 20% sand and stabilized with 5% cement are recommended because they have the most optimal physico-mechanical properties.
The valuation of local materials in the construction of homes and public buildings is a necessity from a sustainable development perspective. Reducing the use of concrete for low-income countries has both environmental and economic benefits.
This work focuses on a characterization of the properties of local materials: clay and laterite for application in the building sector. The objective is to determine the physico-mechanical characteristics of clay and laterite bricks stabilized with sand and cement. This study will allow, depending on the areas and the availability of one of the materials, to get an idea of their quality and properties.
A characterization of the raw materials: laterite, clay and sand will be made from testing to assess the quality of the base materials. These tests will determine the grain size, the sand equivalent and the specific weight of the laterite and sand, the plasticity index. In addition, water absorbency and compressive strength will be determined for bricks made from mixtures (clay plus sand and laterite plus sand) stabilized with cement.
This work is always part of the search for a formulation and optimization of local materials.
The first step is to characterize the raw materials consisting of sand, laterite and clay from the identification tests. Thus, the following parameters will be studied: specific weight, particle size, sand equivalent, Atterberg limits and methylene blue.
The specific gravity gives an idea of the density of the soil and guides on the best method to use for an accurate classification of soils.
The granulometry makes it possible to determine the size and the respective weight percentages of the different families of grains constituting the sample.
The sand equivalent tells us about the cleanliness of the sample, especially the presence of fine particles. The cleanliness of the aggregate is a very important parameter in the formulation of bricks.
Concerning the Atterberg limits, they are carried out on the particle size fraction of the soil with a diameter of less than 0.4 mm. These limits are a good way to characterize the influence of water in the soil on its mechanical behavior [
Soil methylene blue (VBS) value measures the adsorption capacity of soil or rock material. It constitutes one of the identification parameters of the classification of soils described in standard NF P 11-300 [
The principle of the test is to determine the quantity of methylene blue necessary to cover with a supposed mono-molecular layer the internal and external surfaces of clay particles, organic matter and hydroxides dispersed in water. The principle of the test is to determine the quantity of methylene blue necessary to cover with a supposed mono-molecular layer the internal and external surfaces of clay particles, organic matter and hydroxides dispersed in water. The dosage in methylene blue solution is shown on the left of
After the characterization of the raw materials, bricks with dimensions of 15 cm × 12 cm × 5 cm, based on clay and based on laterite were made with sand percentages varying between 20% and 30%. In addition, bricks were produced with the same mixtures stabilized with 5% cement.
For mechanical strength, crushing tests were carried out on the bricks. A 2000 kN capacity compression machine was used to determine the 28-day compressive strength of the samples. The compressive strength is obtained by the ratio of the maximum force on the section of the brick.
The absorption test makes it possible to evaluate the quantity of water retained by the porosity of the aggregates in order to take it into account for the effective water dosage during the formulation of concrete. The tests were carried out on bricks stabilized with cement, according to the guidelines of standard NBN B 15-215 [
The water absorption by immersion (Abs) is expressed as a percentage of the dry mass and is calculated by the following relationship [
The results of the tests made it possible to draw the following grain size curves. The uniformity and curvature coefficients are obtained from the exploitation of the curves. These coefficients are shown in
The coefficient of curvature (Cc) and the coefficient of uniformity (Cu) show that the sand has a spread and well graded particle size with respect to laterite and clay, they have a spread and poorly graded particle size [
The results of the Atterberg limits tests are reported in
The results give plasticity indices (Ip) equal to 32% and 16.4% respectively for clay and for laterite. These values prove that the clay and laterite used have a plastic behavior [
The results of the sand equivalent (ES) tests on that of Thiénaba (Senegal) are shown in
The equivalents of piston and of sight sand are equal to 28% and 86%, respectively. These values show that the sand is clayey [
| Materials | Cu | Cc |
|---|---|---|
| Clay | 3.6 | 0.449 |
| Laterite | 96.42 | 0.021 |
| Sand | 2.6 | 1.24 |
| Materials | WL (%) | Wp (%) | Ip (%) | Ic |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clay | 55.2 | 23.2 | 32 | 1.66 |
| Laterite | 32 | 15.6 | 16.4 | 1.82 |
| Material | Sand equivalent (ES) of piston | Sand equivalent (ES) of sight |
|---|---|---|
| Sand | 28 | 86 |
The results of the methylene blue test are summarized in
For clay, the methylene blue value of the soil is 6.14%. This value shows that the clay used belongs to the family of clay soils whose blue values are between 6 and 8.
For laterite, the value of methylene blue, equal to 1.84, is in the range [1.5 - 2.5], characterizing sandy clay soils with low plasticity [
The specific gravity (γs) of the laterite, sand and clay are recorded in the
Compression tests were carried out on the laterite and clay bricks. The results are reported in
The resistance values were used to draw the curves in
The resistance values vary between 0.5 to 1.24 MPa and 0.90 to 1.62 MPa respectively for clay and for laterite. The maximum strengths of 1.24 and 1.62 MPa respectively for clay and for laterite, are obtained at 20% sand. These results also show that the compressive strength of clay is greater than that of laterite. This is due to the good cohesion of the clay made up of fine and light particles. In addition, clay is a natural binder and helps reduce the porosity of bricks by occupying the space between grains of sand [
However, the compressive strength of all bricks is less than 2 MPa for all formulations. To improve these strengths, all the formulations were stabilized at 5% cement (CEM II-32.5).
The results of the compression tests on bricks stabilized with 5% cement are given in
These results are shown in
| Materials | VBS |
|---|---|
| Clay | 6.14 |
| Laterite | 1.84 |
| Materials | γs |
|---|---|
| Clay | 2.43 |
| Laterite | 2.77 |
| Sand | 2.68 |
| Percentage of sand | 0% | 20% | 25% | 30% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clay | 1.24 | 1.38 | 1.28 | 0.5 |
| Laterite | 1.62 | 1.44 | 0.62 | 0.90 |
| Percentage of sand | 0% | 20% | 25% | 30% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clay + 5% cement | 4.17 | 4.94 | 3.65 | 2.54 |
| Laterite + 5% cement | 2.47 | 1.97 | 1.32 | 0.74 |
After stabilization, the compressive strength varies between 2.54 to 4.17 MPa and 0.74 to 2.47 MPa for clay and laterite respectively. For clay we see that the maximum strength of 4.94 MPa is noted at 20% sand while this maximum of 2.47 MPa is noted at 0% sand for laterite. Also, in general, resistance decreases with increasing percentage of sand. The increase in the percentage of sand leads to an increase in the porosity of bricks by default of binders [
The synthesis of the results of the compression tests, on the stabilized and unstabilized bricks, is shown in
This figure shows that the compressive strength for all formulations is doubled. In addition, it indicates that the compressive strength of clay bricks is much higher than that of bricks produced from laterite. In addition, the maximum strengths, equal to 1.38 MPa and 4.94 MPa respectively for unstabilized bricks and those stabilized, are obtained at 20% sand, made from clay, while for laterite, the maxima are obtained at 0% sand. This is justified by the fact that the laterite used already contained sand and the addition of the latter further weakens the lateritic bricks. [
Thus, for bricks stabilized with 5% cement, compressive strengths are acceptable (greater than 2 MPa) for all clay bricks and for laterite bricks with 0% sand added [
The results of absorptivity tests on laterite and clay bricks, stabilized with 5% cement, are shown in
The evolution curves of the absorptivity are shown in
Likewise, the absorptivity of clay bricks increases with the percentage of sand added, unlike laterite bricks which give absorptivities which gradually decrease with the fraction of sand.
| Percentage of sand | 0% | 20% | 25% | 30% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clay | 3.70 | 5.45 | 7.28 | 15.45 |
| Laterite | 25.42 | 24.54 | 22.56 | 19.11 |
It should be noted that the addition of sand in the laterite decreases the porosity and unlike clay where the addition of sand promotes an increase in the spaces between the grains. In summary, the absorbency of clay is acceptable up to 25% sand because it is less than 15% maximum value set by the standard. [
This study focuses on the characterization of compressed earth blocks. The bricks studied were made with clay and laterite and sand. The percentages of sand vary between 20% and 30% in steps of 5%. Bricks stabilized with 5% class II cement are also produced from the same mixtures.
The compressive strength of all unstabilized bricks is low. The resistance values vary between 0.5 to 1.24 MPa and 0.90 to 1.62 MPa respectively for clay and for laterite. For bricks stabilized with 5% cement, compressive strengths are acceptable (greater than 2 MPa) for all clay bricks and for laterite bricks with 0% sand added.
The physical characterization of the bricks shows that the absorbency of clay is less than 15% and is acceptable up to 25% of sand. However, the absorbency of laterite bricks is higher than the maximum value set by the standard. To overcome this problem, the use of coatings on the exposed faces is recommended.
We recommend clay bricks with 20% sand and stabilized with 5% cement because they have optimal physico-mechanical properties.
In perspective, a thermal and acoustic characterization of the bricks will be made to assess the variation of the parameters according to the different formulations.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Fall, M., Sarr, D., Cissé, E.M. and Konaté, D. (2021) Physico-Mechanical Characterization of Clay and Laterite Bricks Stabilized or Not with Cement. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 11, 60-69. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2021.111004