Objective: The aim of the study is to identify whether Atypical Lymphocyte (AL), liver transaminases, and Glutathione Reductase (GR) can be used as potential biomarkers in the assessment of severity and thrombocytopenia in dengue.
Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out on diagnosed dengue patients admitted to Nawaloka Hospital, Sri Lanka. Blood samples were taken from patients (n = 50) on the day of admission, 3
rd and 5
th day from admission for analysis of GR, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, platelets, white blood cells, and Atypical Lymphocytes (AL).
Results: GR level of all three measured stages had a higher area under the curve (>88%), high sensitivity and specificity compared to liver transaminases. A significant regression model represents on admission GR and AL levels as predictive variables to platelet levels in day 03 from admission (Day 3 Platelet level = 127155.3 - 383 * GR - 0.431 * AL).
Conclusion: Liver transaminases, GR, and AL% can be considered as a profile of predictive biomarkers in early diagnosis of severity of dengue infection. The degree of thrombocytopenia can be predicted using on admission GR and AL% level in acute dengue viral infection.
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease, extent in many tropical and subtropical regions in the world. A recent estimate indicates more than 390 million dengue infections with 96 million manifests clinically [1]. Dengue virus belongs to family Flaviviridae consisting of four different antigenic serotypes [2]. Dengue virus causes Dengue Fever (DF) with the most severe and life-threatening forms being Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) [3].
Dengue Fever is diagnosed by several laboratory methods and clinical symptoms. The most used laboratory methods are virus isolation, detection of viral RNA, detection of Nonstructural Protein1 (NS1) antigens and antibody detection (IgG and IgM) [4]. World Health Organization criteria classify dengue according to levels of severity as dengue without warning signs, dengue with warning signs (abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, fluid accumulation, mucosal bleeding, lethargy, liver enlargement, increasing hematocrit with decreasing platelets), and severe dengue (dengue with severe plasma leakage, severe bleeding, or organ failure) [5]. All of above-mentioned laboratory methods and clinical classifications are only to diagnose dengue fever and not predicting the severity of the disease.
Studies have reported several biomarkers such as serum lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and albumin levels at 48 - 96 hours after onset of fever to predict severity acute dengue fever [6]. Timely assessment of liver transaminases was also identified as a predictive indicator of the severity of dengue fever [7]. A consistent high serum chymase level also reported as a predictive marker of dengue hemorrhagic fever [8].
Experimental fact of immune pathology is a fundamental requirement in elucidating of severe dengue fever [9]. Both innate and acquired immune responses are also identified as predictive markers in dengue fever. The primary response against dengue infection is the internalization of the pathogen by an overwhelming number of immune cells and the production of antibodies. Atypical lymphocytes (CD19+ B lymphocytes) are antibody immune reactions to the dengue virus, which significantly increase in anti-dengue IgG antibodies during the secondary dengue infection. Increased proportion of atypical plasmacytoid lymphocytes have also been described in patients with dengue infection [10]. Atypical Lymphocytes (AL) and CD19+ cell counts have been identified as useful diagnostic tools for identification of the severity of dengue infection and the recovery from the disease [11] [12]. On admission AL count has proposed as a negative predictive factor for severe thrombocytopenia in day 5 day 7 of dengue fever [13].
Dengue virus generates oxidative stress through the effect of NADPH oxidase. This triggers the inflammatory cytokine response, contributing to the pathogenesis of dengue viral infection [14]. Thus the antioxidants play a crucial role in host defense against dengue viral infection [15]. Increased level levels of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Nitric Oxide (NO), and decreased levels of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity in plasma, serum paraoxonase, erythrocyte glutathione, and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) activities have been reported as useful biomarkers of dengue infection [16] [17].
Hepatic dysfunction is a well-recognized feature of dengue infections, often demonstrated by hepatomegaly and mild to moderate increases in transaminase levels [18]. The dengue associated liver injury can be both viral induced or immune mediated. This has been shown in dengue virus infected hepatocytes in mouse models [19].
Glutathione Reductase (GR) is one of the antioxidant enzymes, which is directly responsible in maintaining of reduced glutathione level by recycling of oxidized glutathione [20]. Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) are most commonly used markers to monitor acute liver injury. Therefore, present study assessed the longitudinal changes (on admission, 3rd day from admission and 5th day from admission) of AL, GR, AST and ALT as predictive indicators of severity and thrombocytopenia in dengue viral infection. Currently, there is no valid laboratory test available to predict the severity of dengue infection. Therefore, the present study has been identified whether these biomarkers can be used as potential biomarkers in the assessment of severity and thrombocytopenia in dengue viral infection.
2. Materials and Methods
A cross sectional analytical study was carried out on dengue patients admitted to Nawaloka Hospital (NH), Sri Lanka, from January to August 2019.
2.1. Ethical Approval
Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Review Committee (Reference Number: NHREF/9/18), Nawaloka Hospitals, Colombo 02, Sri Lanka. Informed written consent was obtained from each the patient or by parent/guardian prior to sampling.
2.2. Study Sample
A hospital-based study was carried out with 50 patients (Male-29, Female-21), age 12 years and above positive for dengue antigen NS1 (SD BIOLINE Dengue NS1 kit, Standard Diagnostics, Gyeonggi, South Korea) and admitted at medical units at Nawaloka Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
2.3. Data Collection
Venous blood samples (5 ml) were collected from patients on admission, 3rd day from admission and 5th day from admission for analysis of laboratory parameters such as AST, ALT, GR levels, platelet, and white blood cells count. The clinical parameters such as presenting symptoms, vital signs and dengue warning signs were recorded throughout the study period.
2.4. Sample Analysis
Blood samples were collected into lithium heparin tubes and separated serum was immediately stored in aliquot at −20˚C. GR antioxidants concentrations were determined by Randox commercial assay kit (Ransel test kit, Randox Laboratories, UK) on Dimension clinical chemistry analyzer (Germany). The serum sample was used to detect AST and ALT (Cobas, Germany) by the Cobas clinical chemistry analyzer (Roche, Germany). The blood samples collected into EDTA tubes were used to assess the full blood count using the Sysmex haematology analyzer (XS500i, Japan).
The dengue severity levels of patients were categorized according to 2009 WHO criteria [5].
2.5. Statistics
The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive statistics were given as measures of central tendency and frequencies. The Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to test the normal distribution. Paired sample t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine any statistically significant differences of biochemical parameters between admission days. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were used to analyze the associations between AL% with GSH, AST and ALT. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to obtain sensitivity, specificity and cut of values of GR, AST and ALT levels to predict severity of dengue fever in relation to AL%. A linear regression model was developed to predict platelet level in 03rd day from admission by using on admission GR and AL%. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0 05.
3. Results
The study recruited 50 patients (male—29 and female—21, average age 31.6 ± 13.5 years), who were confirmed as having Dengue fever by rapid immunochromatography test (NS1). All of the patients were admitted on day 03 of fever. The clinical symptoms of patients recorded on admission are depicted in Table 1. A significantly high percentage of patients were recorded body pain (100%) and headache (83.3%) on admission.
Table 2 shows GR, ALT, AST, AL, platelet count and total white blood cell (WBC) count of dengue patients. There were statistically significant differences of all parameters on admission, day 3, and day 5 from admission. Although these parameters were significant, GR, AST, ALT levels were observed very high on 3rd day from admission compared to day 0 and day 5. The highest AL% was observed on admission.
However, results showed that the test values of day 3 from admission were significantly higher than the rest of the days indicating that day 3 from admission is appeared to be very important as far as clinical management of patients is concerned.
Furthermore, the Pearson correlation showed a significant positive coefficient of AL% with GR, AST, and ALT in the respective days of admission (Figure 1).
Clinical signs and symptoms of DF patients
Yes
No
Clinical symptoms
Nausea
41%
59%
Headache
83.3%
16.7%
Retro orbital pain
25%
75%
Abdominal pain
11.4%
88.6%
Arthralgia Myalgia
100%
0%
Restless
11.9%
88.1%
Clinical signs
Macular skin rash
8.9%
91.1%
Petechial rash
11.9%
88.1%
Vomiting
11.1%
88.9%
Haematemesis
11.1%
88.9%
Melena
11.6%
88.4%
Diarrhea
35.6%
64.4%
Bleeding Manifestation
11.6%
88.4%
RHS tenderness
47.6%
52.1%
Epigastric Tenderness
20.8%
79.2%
Hepatomegaly
10.4%
89.6%
Respi. Distress
10.4%
89.6%
Petechiae
10.4%
89.6%
Impaired conscious
10.9%
89.1%
Summary table of biochemical and haematological parameters of patients
On admission (Mean ± SD)
3rd day from the admission (Mean ± SD)
05th day from the admission (Mean ± SD)
ALT (IU/L)
68.5 ± 47.6
125.9 ± 133.0*
91.8 ± 89.8
AST (IU/L)
71.2 ± 58.2
144.2 ± 144.8*
93.8 ± 71.7
GR (U/L)
100.9 ± 25.5
130.2 ±35.1*
119.8 ± 29.2
PLT (per µl)
97,600 ± 33,000
65,100 ± 26,500*
85,300 ± 21,300
WBC (per µl)
2460 ± 880
3500 ± 1220
4770 ± 1770
AL (%)
0.64 ± 0.35†
0.43 ± 0.24
0.30 ± 0.18
*The values were significantly different (p < 0.05) compared to on admission and day 05 from admission, †The values of on admission appeared to be significantly high (p < 0.05) compared to day 03 and day 05 from admission.
These biochemical markers were also compared with the atypical lymphocyte count on three testing days and the GR, AST and ALT levels were significantly higher (Table 3) among dengue patients with on admission atypical lymphocyte count was more than 0.55% [12].
ROC curves analyze (Table 4) using on admission atypical lymphocyte
count >0.55% as an indicator of the severity of dengue infection, shown that the GR level of all three measured stages had a higher area under the curve (>88%), high sensitivity and specificity compared to liver transaminases.
Furthermore to the above ROC curves data were reanalyzed to find out whether there is any relationship between the platelet count of day 03 and day 0 values of other parameters by using ROC curves of 03 models (Figure 2). All of the models of ROC curves had significant areas under the curves > 0.8 with the same cut off value for day 03 platelet levels (69,000/per µl). This indicates the patients on the day admission showed GR, AST, ALT, and AL% levels more than above observed cut-offs (Table 4), have been decreased their platelet level less than 69,000 per/µl on day 03 from admission. However, total white blood cell count was not observed significant changes with the above biomarkers.
In addition, we developed a regression model to predict platelet level on day 03 from admission by using on admission variables GR, AST, ALT, and AL (Table 5). A significant regression model represents on admission GR and AL levels as predictive variables to platelet levels in day 03 from admission (Day 03 Platelet level = 127155.3 − 383 * GR − 0.431 * AL).
Comparison of AL count >0.55% and GR, AST and ALT levels on admission, day 3 and day 5 from admission
GR (IU/L)
AST (IU/L)
ALT (IU/L)
AL > 0.55% n = 31
AL < 0.55% n = 19
AL > 0.55% n = 31
AL < 0.55% n = 19
AL > 0.55% n = 31
AL < 0.55% n = 19
On admission
110.7 ± 26.3*
83.2 ± 9.5
86.5 ± 66.4*
43.4 ± 20.3
82.1 ± 52.8*
43.6 ± 20.2
Day 03 from admission
145.2 ± 31.1*
102.8 ± 23.8
182.4 ± 167.1*
74.5 ± 36.1
152.0 ± 159.4*
78.3 ± 27.8
Day 05 from admission
130.6 ± 26.3*
96 ± 21.9
110.4 ± 81.0*
60.7 ± 23.4
105.0 ± 106.0*
65.1 ± 23.9
*GR, AST and ALT levels of on admission, day 3 and day 5 from admission were significantly high when on admission AL > 0.55%.
The sensitivity, specificity and cut of values of GR, AST and ALT levels to predict severity of dengue fever in relation to atypical lymphocyte level
Biochemical parameters
Area under the curve (AUC)
Sensitivity (%)
Specificity (%)
Cut off values (IU/L)
GR
On admission
0.884 (95%, CI = 79% - 97.8%)
80.6
82.4
92.5
3rd day from admission
0.894 (95%, CI = 79% - 99.9%)
83.9
77.4
121.0
5th day from admission
0.896 (95%, CI = 76% - 99.9%)
96.8
64.7
100.3
AST
On admission
0.764 (95%, CI = 63% - 89.7%)
80.6
58.8
47.5
3rd day from admission
0.866 (95%, CI = 75.7% - 97.5%)
87.1
70.6
84.5
5th day from admission
0.777 (95%, CI = 64.4% - 91%)
77.4
41.2
66.5
ALT
On admission
0.775 (95%, CI = 64.6% - 90.4%)
77.4
58.8
47.9
3rd day from admission
0.815 (95%, CI = 69.2% - 93.8%)
77.4
70.6
93.5
5th day from admission
0.728 (95%, CI = 58.5% - 87%)
67.7
64.7
77.5
Regression model to predict platelet level depending on admission variables
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized Coefficients
t
Sig.
95.0% Confidence Interval for B
B
Std. Error
Beta
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
1
(Constant)
127,155.279
11,989.162
10.606
0.000
102,976.829
151,333.729
GR*
−397.065
156.295
−0.383
−2.540
0.015
−712.264
−81.867
AST*
−31.010
61.032
−0.068
−0.508
0.614
−154.093
92.072
ALT*
5.842
26.431
0.029
0.221
0.826
−47.462
59.145
AL*
−32,315.973
9586.794
−0.431
−3.371
0.002
−51,649.587
−12,982.359
Dependent Variable: Platelet level – day 3 from admission. *on admission variables. Regression model; Day 3 Platelet level = 127,155.3 − 383 * GR − 0.431 * AL).
4. Discussion
This study was carried out to determine the predictive power of GR, liver transaminases, and AL% on prediction severity and thrombocytopenia level in dengue viral infection. A previous study has observed a higher level of AL count among dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever patients compared to patients with dengue like syndrome [11]. The percentage of AL count was higher among patients with respiratory compromise, hypotension, and bleeding symptoms. These results suggested that a higher level of AL% is associated with increased complications of dengue infection, leading to severe dengue and >0.55% of AL count as a predictive marker for severity of dengue infection with higher sensitivity and specificity [12].
The present study showed that serum liver transaminases (AST and ALT) and GR levels correlated positively with AL%. All of these markers had high sensitivity and specificity to diagnose the severity of dengue infection along with AL%. Among these parameters percentage of AL and GR had a significant effect to predict platelet count of 3rd day from admission.
Even though there was no consistency in reported data on GPx and glutathione among dengue patients. Glutathione or glutathione derivatives are tested as a therapeutic agent to decrease oxidative stress in various diseases including dengue [21] [22] [23]. This probably would have contributed to maintain the reduced glutathione by reduction of oxidized glutathione. GR is responsible for supplying of reduced glutathione to control of cellular reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the recycling of oxidized glutathione is more essential to have effectively reduced glutathione for continued cell function [20]. Thus, the GR enzyme level has a potential being used as a predictive marker for early identification of dengue viral fever (3rd day from admission). The activity of GR may be reduced in day 5 from admission with decreasing of reactive oxygen species and severity of the disease. Furthermore, the multiple regression analysis proved that the GR level on admission and AL% appear to be as prominent predictive markers in association with a platelet count of day 3 of the infection.
Liver involvement of dengue fever and biochemical changes have discussed in various studies as very mild to severe liver disease [18] [24] [25]. Moderate elevation of liver enzymes of AST and ALT have also been reported (93 - 174 IU/L and 86 to 88.5 U/L) in different studies [26] [27]. In the present study, 95% of dengue patients also had similar ranges of transaminases. The majority of the patients showed the high values of transaminases on day 03 from admission (5 - 6 days of onset of fever) in the present study. The studies also reported an increased level of liver enzymes correlated with the severity of the diseases [28] [29]. Similarly, we also reported observed on admission AST and ALT levels showed high sensitivity and specificity with the severity of dengue infection versus AL%.
These findings suggest that liver transaminases, GR and AL% play an important role in the determination of the severity of dengue infection. Furthermore, GR and AL% also can be used as predictive biomarkers in the determination of thrombocytopenia in dengue patients.
In summary, our study proposed combination of liver transaminases, GR, AL% with the degree of thrombocytopaenia with high sensitivity and specificity biomarkers as a profile test in early diagnosis of severity of dengue infection. This is the first study reported on the early diagnosis and prediction of thrombocytopenia in acute dengue viral infection. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the changes and association of total antioxidant capacity to predict severity of dengue fever over the period of admission to discharge.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Nawaloka Hospitals Research and Education Foundation, Nawaloka Hospitals PLC, Colombo, Sri Lanka (Grant number: NHREF/RG/17/04). Further, we would like to extend our gratitude to Dr. Inoka Uluwaduge, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura for her contribution in proof reading, the patients who consented to be part of this study, and the staff at Nawaloka Haematology and Chemical Pathology Laboratories for their assistance.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Cite this paper
Bandara, S., Chandrasena, L.G., Peiris, H., Abesuriya, V., De Silva, A., De Mel, C., De Mel, S. and Seneviratne, S.L. (2021) Glutathione Reductase, Liver Transaminases and Atypical Lymphocytes Count as Early Predictive Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Thrombocytopenia in Dengue Viral Infection. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 9, 119-130. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2021.91010
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