The classification of natural fiber is based on their origin such as plants, animals or minerals [15] [16] [17]. All plants fiber consists of cellulosic materials & it includes various divisions, viz. seed fiber (cotton), leaf fiber (sisal, pineapple), bast fiber (flax, ramie), fruit fiber (coir), stalk fiber (rice) and other grass fiber [18] [19]. The animal fiber consists of animal hair & silk fiber. The mineral fiber consists of asbestos [20]. A diagram with a various fibers is shown in Figure 1. Over the last few years, a number of researchers have been involved in studying in exploitation of natural fibers as composite materials [21].

The macromolecules are classified in different categories based on their application, use & properties. From these classifications, natural macromolecules have attained great attention in recent years because of their environment sustainability & biodegradability [22]. Natural macromolecules are classified based on the sources of natural fiber polymers. The macromolecules contain cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin, pectin, starch, alginate, chitin, albumin etc. The details classification is shown in Figure 2.

In recent years, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to developing wood-derived fabrication of composite materials due to their distinctive properties, including environmental friendliness, renewability, and biodegradability. Thus, the uniqueness of the main components in natural macromolecules wood (cellulose and lignin) has attracted enormous interest for both fundamental research and practical applications [23]. Different macromolecular engineering emphasize the different precise design of well-defined polymers. The structures & compositions are essential for the assembly into different morphologies which depends on the cellulose & lignin to their derivatives. A wide range of wood derived materials have been presented with the application range from nano- to macromolecular is in Figure 3.

The use of wood macromolecules offers various opportunities for functionalization because of their unique structures and properties of cellulose & lignin. As an example, the macromolecular have used in the functional polymeric materials such as elastomers, hydrogels, aerogels etc. From these, the fabrication process has applied in the elastomeric composite materials. Elastomer mainly as a natural or synthetic polymer which have the ability to recover their original shape after being stressed [24] [25]. It has widely used in the coatings, adhesives, fibers, footwear, medicals, leathers etc. [26] [27] [28]. Cellulose & lignin from wood have been used for fabricate elastomers. From the view of a design principle for elastomer, the basic building blocks for elastomers comprise elastic and glassy components. In nature, the abundant hydroxyl groups in cellulose can form a physically cross-linked network by hydrogen bonding, which causes cellulose too rigid to be an elastomer. Similarly, lignin is also rigid enough and hardly used to directly prepare elastomers [29] [30] [31] [32]. The illustration is in Figure 4. Here, the cellulose-based ATRP macro initiators are synthesized by the esterification between the hydroxyl groups of cellulose & 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (Figure 4(a)). Then, by adding isoprene, it makes “Grafting form”. Finally by cross-linked, the fabrication of elastomers are prepared (Figure 4(b)).

Silk is the animal based natural fiber, which consists of protein macromolecules [35] [36]. Silk fibers naturally produced by silkworms and spiders. By chemical modification or material morphologies silk proteins are collected from natural silkworms or spider silks [37] [38]. Different types of composite materials have prepared based on silk proteins [39] [40]. The fabrication of composite material in textiles, Bombyx mori silks have widely used due to their characteristics strength, moisture absorbance and luster [41] [42].

The silk proteins mixed with other polymers or particles for the preparation of composite materials. Firstly, the prepared composite based on silk proteins & synthetic polymers are mixed together. Here, silk protein mixed with poly (acrylonitrile) for fabrication of composite materials. It observed that the improved of fibers water absorption and reduced their tendency to collect static electricity [43] [44]. Secondly, silk proteins mixed with biopolymer for the preparation of composite materials. Here, composite are made of cellulose & silk fibroins [45]. Finally, preparation of antimicrobial composite, silk proteins mixed with silver nano particles. Here the fabrication done by the silver ions & Bombyx mori coatings [46].

Wool is one of animal based natural fiber which has good strength compared to other natural fiber. It also consists of protein macromolecules. Some of the studies examined that for the fabrication of composite material, macromolecules of wool shows excellent properties [1] [47]. Wool are collected from the skin of a sheep and fiber sizes & shapes are varied from different species [48] [49].

Short wool fiber mixed with the polypropylene for the preparation of composite sheet. The fabrication was done by continuous extrusion. The composite shows good mechanical & fire retardant properties [50] [51]. Mechanical behavior of wool macromolecules have shown in several studies with a good stand. For these reason, wool macromolecules are used in fabrication of composite materials in a large scale. Another studies for the fabrication of reinforced polyethylene composite, wool protein have used. By moulding process, protein (wool) and lignocellulose (nettle) natural fiber were prepared for the fabrication of low density polyethylene matrix. The composite showed excellent tensile & flexural behaviors [52].