Chemical heat storage is a promising technology for improving thermal energy efficiency. In this study, CaCl
2 and H
2O were selected as a reaction system for utilization of low-grade exhaust heat that is cooler than 200
°C. Heat discharging and charging were conducted through the CaCl
2 hydration reaction. A silicon carbide honeycomb was adopted to improve heat transfer in the CaCl
2 packed bed. The heat storage, condenser, and evaporator temperature were set at 150
°C, 30
°C and 90
°C respectively. Repeated trials and experiments are time consuming for optimizing design of the equipment. Therefore, in this research, we constructed a simulation that can predict the performance of the device. A numerical simulation model was utilized in preparation for the design of the heat storage module. The consistency of both the simulation and the experimental results was confirmed by comparing them.
Chemical Heat Storage CaCl<sub>2</sub> Heat Discharging Simulation1. Introduction
The development of technologies and systems for improving the energy efficiency and preventing global warming has received increasing attention in recent years. Improving thermal energy efficiency is vital for mitigating carbon dioxide emissions. A large amount of thermal energy is used in industrial processes, which is accompanied by a large amount of exhaust heat. Therefore, it is necessary to store and reuse exhaust heat [1] [2].
Chemical heat storage is among the promising heat management technologies for reducing exhaust heat and fuel consumption [3] [4] [5]. In this study, we focused on chemical heat storage, which has a high heat storage density. Chemical heat storage systems that use a gas-solid reaction offer a higher thermal storage capacity and a wider temperature application than absorption-based heat management systems [3]. The CaCl2/H2O reaction system was adopted, which involves a reversible chemical endothermic or exothermic reaction, as follows. The material used in this system is environmentally sustainable, commonly used, readily available, nontoxic, and chemically stable [6], and the working temperature is below 200˚C. Moreover, the CaCl2/H2O reaction system has already been studied for chemical heat storage, and the potential use of both sides of the reversible CaCl2/H2O reaction has been demonstrated in previous studies [6].
CaCl 2 + 2 H 2 O ( g ) ⇔ CaCl 2 ⋅ 2 H 2 O ( s ) + 125.1 kJ / mol (1)
The requirements for chemical heat storage by a packed bed-type reactor include a high heat output density, and the heat transfer rate of the packed bed is a key issue when enhancing this factor. We examined heat release and storage using a corrugated aluminum fin module, as aluminum has high thermal conductivity. However, there is the possibility of corrosion when using aluminum for chemical heat storage materials [7]. In this study, we selected silicon carbide (SiC) as a heat exchanger module, as it is a promising material for increasing corrosion resistance. In addition, SiC has excellent characteristics, including its low density and high specific thermal conductivity. It is well known that SiC has excellent thermal stability and corrosion resistance [8] [9] [10]. We evaluated heat release and storage using a module containing a honeycomb structure composed of SiC.
2. Experimental2.1. Matelial
Reagent anhydrous CaCl2 particles (>95% purity) were obtained from Wako Chemicals (Japan). The material was dried in an electric furnace at 180˚C for 24 hours. The CaCl2 powder was unified by diameter (dp = 125 - 250 μm).
2.2. Experimental Apparatus
A schematic of the experimental setup for heat storage and release by the CaCl2/H2O reaction is shown in Figure 1. The equipment included a reactor, an evaporator, and a condenser, and the system alternates heat release and storage by changing the state of the control valve. During heat release, the valve between the reactor and evaporator was opened and a stream was supplied to a reactor. Each of these components was connected by vapor flow tubes. The components and vapor flow tubes were covered with glass wool and a combination of glass wool and electric heaters, respectively, to prevent condensation or heat loss. Each component was also connected to a thermostat bath as a heat source. The heat medium fluids supplied from the thermostat bath were circulated through the components. During heat storage, the valve between the reactor and condenser was opened and the stream was collected from a reactor. The reactor containing a SiC honeycomb structure is presented in detail in Figure 2. The
size of the cell was 1.5 × 1.5 mm, and the SiC wall thickness was 0.5 mm. The SiC acted as the heat transfer enhancement body of the filling layer. In addition, CaCl2 was used to fill the open spaces in the honeycomb’s structure. The heat exchange fluid was fed around the core, and the heat storage module was filled with 84 g of the anhydrous CaCl2 particles. Its top and bottom were covered with nickel mesh before it was installed in the reactor chamber. The filling fraction based on the filling space was 0.38. As a final step before initiating the experiments, the air was removed from the three components and vapor flow tubes by a vacuum pump. We measured the inlet and outlet temperature and flow rate of the heat exchange fluid that circulated through the reactor.
In the following experiments, the evaluation parameters were calculated based on the experimental results of the heat medium fluid’s temperature and flow rate in the reactor. The fluid temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the heat storage module were measured using platinum resistance temperature detectors, and the fluid flow volume was measured using a turbine flow meter from Japan Flow Controls Co. Ltd. (Japan). Thermal H350, obtained from JULABO (Germany), was used as the heat medium fluid in the reactor. Water was used in the evaporator and condenser. The evaluation parameters included average volumetric power density, Qcum,
Q cum = ∫ 0 t C p , f ⋅ ρ f ⋅ F ⋅ Δ T V module (2)
and the reaction conditions were selected carefully because hysteresis effects have been reported in previous studies. As indicated in Figure 3, the heat charging/discharging operation followed the chemically defined reaction lines for the hydration and dehydration of CaCl2, as well as the experimental conditions (the vapor pressure was controlled by the evaporator or condenser and the inlet temperature of the heat medium fluid tempering the reactor) applied in this study (charging/discharging conditions are denoted by white/black circles, respectively). During discharging, the water vapor was transported from the evaporator to the reactor, subsequently undergoing the exothermic reaction. During charging, the endothermic reaction thermally charged the reactor and the released water vapor was transported to the condenser. The operations were switched between using the control valves on the vapor flow tubes. The flow rate of the
heat medium fluid in the reactor was 2 L/min for both operations. The reaction, condenser, and evaporator temperatures were set at 150˚C, 30˚C, and 90˚C, respectively. In the heat storage process, water vapor dehydrated from CaCl2 is recovered by the condenser. During the heat release process, water vapor generated from the evaporator undergoes a hydration reaction with CaCl2. The experimental conditions are outlined in Table 1.
3. Result of Heat Release and Storage Behavior and Discussion
The temporal changes in the temperature of the heat exchange fluid in the SiC honeycomb type reactor are shown in Figure 3. During heat release, the outlet temperature of heat exchange fluid was higher than the inlet temperature. However, during heat storage, the outlet temperature of the heat exchange fluid was lower than the inlet temperature. To compare the SiC honeycomb- and aluminum corrugated fin-type reactors [6]. The heat output and conversion ratio is shown in Figure 4. The maximum average heat output of the SiC honeycomb-type reactor was approximately 0.4 - 0.5 times lower than that of corrugated aluminum fin type reactor. The hydration rate within 700 seconds after the start of heat release is similar, and the difference in the hydration rate increases
Experimental conditions for heat storage and heat discharging process
Reactor
Evaporator
Condenser
Heat storage
150˚C
90˚C
Heat storage
30˚C
as the time progresses. This is thought to be due to the thermal resistance between the heat exchange fluid and the packed bed. The time required for the reaction rate to reach 80% was approximately 2.8 times longer than that of the aluminum fin reactor. It is necessary to optimize the structure of packed bed and heat exchange flow path to upgrade the heat output performance.
4. Simulation Model
The results show that the heat release performance is affected by the structure of the heat exchanger. To practically use the chemical heat storage device, the structure of the reactor needs to be optimized. It is necessary to predict how the heat release performance changes when the structure of the reactor is changed, and the influence factor of the heat radiation performance should be extracted. The three-dimensional cylinder model with a honeycomb structure shown in Figure 5 was constructed. The calculation used the following equations for mass transfer, heat movement, and chemical reaction rate. The height of the cylindrical packed bed is (Z), which is the thickness of the packed bed and the length of the flow path. The heat transfer of the contact surface between CaCl2 and SiC is calculated using the coefficient of overall heat transfer (hc). The equilibrium lines of the 0.3, 1, and 2 hydration states during the heat release step are shown in Table 2. The reaction lines for the hydration and dehydration were reported [11] [12] [13]. During the heat discharging process, hydration of the anhydrous CaCl2 occurs. There is a distribution in the hydration rate in the packed bed. This is because there is a distribution of temperature and water vapor pressure in the packed bed. The equilibrium line used for calculation is changed according to the hydration rate. The physical property values shown in Table 3 were obtained from the experiment.
Relationship between vapor pressure and temperature for each CaCl<sub>2</sub> hydration state
Hydration state
Equilibrium pressure, P [Pa]
0 ⇔ 0.3 0.3 ⇔ 1 1 ⇔ 2
P = exp ( − 69304.7 / R / T + 148.85 / R ) P = exp ( − 59519.5 / R / T + 132.69 / R ) P = exp ( − 47460.5 / R / T + 106.42 / R )
Simulation conditions
SiC
CaCl2
SUS
Density, ρ [kg/m3] Specific heat, c [J/kg/K] Thermal conductivity, λ [W/m/K]
3000 667 150
817 903 0.13
8000 625 20
coefficient of overall heat transfer between CaCl2 and SiC, hc [W/m2/K]
170
Heat exchange fluid
Density, ρ [kg/m3] Specific heat, c [J/kg/K] Convective heat transfer coefficient, hl [W/m2/K]
951 2033 210
Mass balance of the packed bed
∂ P ∂ t = D ( ∂ 2 P ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 P ∂ y 2 + ∂ 2 P ∂ z 2 ) − ρ M R T ε ∂ X ∂ t (3)
Heat balance of the packed bed
∂ T ∂ t = λ b ρ M C p M ( ∂ 2 T ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 T ∂ y 2 + ∂ 2 T ∂ z 2 ) − ρ M Δ H ρ M C p M ∂ X ∂ t (4)
Chemical reaction rate
k = a at T < T e q (5)
k = 0 at T > T e q (6)
Heat balance of the heat exchange fluid
∂ T ∂ t = − ∂ T ∂ Z (7)
Boundary condition
P = P e v a at z = 0 or z = Z (8)
∂ P ∂ z = 0 at z = 0 or z = Z (9)
λ b ∂ T b ∂ x = ∂ T 1 / h c = λ s i c ∂ T s i c ∂ x at x = x s i c , 0 (10)
λ b ∂ T b ∂ y = ∂ T 1 / h c = λ s i c ∂ T s i c ∂ y at y = y s i c , 0 (11)
λ s i c ∂ T s u s ∂ r = ∂ T 1 / h l at r = r l , r = x 2 + y 2 (12)
5. Result of the Heat Release Simulation and Experiment
The temporal changes in the inlet and outlet temperature difference of the heat exchange fluid are shown in Figure 6. Under each condition, the highest difference
in temperature appeared at approximately 50 s, and it decreased smoothly after 100 s. It is thought that the 0.3 and 1 hydration conditions were processed until reaching a calcium chloride hydration condition of 2. Comparing the results of the simulation and the experiment confirmed that they were consistent. It has been demonstrated that this method of analysis could be used to design the heat storage module.
6. Conclusion
A CaCl2/H2O reaction system was adopted as a heat storage material, and could store heat at temperatures lower than 200˚C. The heat release and storage performance of the CaCl2 hydration reaction were examined. We presented the heat release and storage abilities of a reactor with an SiC honeycomb structure. The maximum average heat output of the SiC honeycomb-type reactor was approximately 0.4 - 0.5 times lower than that of the corrugated aluminum fin-type reactor. The time required for reaching a reaction rate of 80% was approximately 2.8 times longer than that of the aluminum reactor. Optimizing the structure of the packed bed and the heat exchange flow path is necessary to upgrade the heat output performance. Repeated trials and experiments are time consuming for optimizing design of the equipment. Therefore, in this research, we constructed a simulation that can predict the performance of the device. Analysis model that simulates heat discharging was created. The validity of the analysis result was determined by comparing it with the experimental result. It was demonstrated that this analysis method could be applied to design a heat storage module.
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by “Knowledge Hub Aichi”, Priority Reserch Project from Aichi Prefectural Government, Japan. We also would like to thank Editage (https://WWW.editage.jp/) for English language editing.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Ichinose, A., Kuwata, K., Esaki, T., Matsuda, T. and Kobayashi, N. (2020) Chemical Heat Storage Using an SiC Honeycomb Packed with CaCl2 Powder. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 8, 23-32. https://doi.org/10.4236/msce.2020.811002
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