The 2030 agenda of sustainable development targets to improve road safety by creating transportation infrastructures that are more safe, accessible, and affordable for all societies. Indonesia is one of the countries committed to adapt the agenda of road safety management in its National Road Safety Master Plan. The master plan aims to minimize fatality rate by integrating the principles of sustainability, coordination, and togetherness. This research develops a framework for road safety management that effectively reduces traffic accidents. The methods used by case study, quantitative assessment and framework analysis. It reviews the general characteristics of Indonesia’s roads and their relation to traffic accidents. Furthermore, the research identifies the causes of road accidents, determines their rates, and proposes a framework of road safety management. The results show that there was a significant relationship between traffic accidents, type of injuries, number of vehicles on the road, and the extent of road damages, from 2016 to 2018. Moreover, there was a relationship between the highest traffic accident rates and the severity index in 2017. In Indonesia, traffic accidents are mainly caused by factors related to humans, vehicles, equipment, and road environment. Law and regulations are the umbrellas that integrate, monitor and supervise human approaches to vehicles and the road environment.
The 2030 agenda for sustainable development aimed to improve road safety by integrating the target 3.6%, which was focused on lowering worldwide traffic accidents and injuries by 50% by 2020. Furthermore, the government targeted 11.2%, with a focus on creating transportation systems that are safe, accessible, and affordable for all by 2030 [
Indonesia has issued many regulations to decrease its traffic fatality rate. These include the law related to environmental analysis, traffic management, road safety, and engineering. However,
Sustainable development aims to address road safety issues as one of its goals. It should be implemented at the international, national, and local levels. However, road safety is managed by adjusting locally established regulations and human
behaviors [
Transportation infrastructures essentially support urban development by contributing to social well-being. This is achieved through installing technical urban infrastructures, such as car parks, sidewalks, streets, and termini [
They are related to human behavior. With regards to drivers, cognitive behavior influences human judgement and decision making, resulting in inaccurate risk consideration [
The maintenance of vehicles ensures that all the vital systems are in good condition, such as rear-view mirrors and brakes. Previous research stated that many accidents were caused by mechanical failures of vehicles, mainly due to defective brakes and tires. Therefore, improper mechanical inspection, including brakes, worn-out tires, as well overloading, result in unwanted road accidents [
Accidents are always associated with the state of roads and pavements. Road conditions and geometry contribute to many accidents. Roads in good condition, with developed pavements, as well as better surface macro texture and roughness, reduce the probability of skidding and rutting by vehicles [
| No. | Authors | Aspect | Objectives | Performances |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Zongzhi and Kumares, 2004 [ | Highway Asset Management | to identify the risk of accident | 1) Number of fatalities/populations, 2) Number of fatalities/length of roads network, 3) Number of fatalities/number of vehicles |
| 2 | Umer, et al., 2016 [ | Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure. | Ensure smooth travel and safety for people by using sidewalls | Road safety audit |
This factor is associated with traffic control, road safety barriers, lighting, and marking. The installation of equipment that supports an intelligent transport system (ITS) helps in monitoring traffic flow on the roads. They serve as traffic signals for drivers, as well as directing other road users [
A black spot is an area with a high rate of potentially fatal accidents along a road segment. It is also referred to as a black site. A black site is the number of accidents per kilometer or vehicle that exceed a specific value [
T K = J K / ( T × L ) (1)
where:
TK―Accident rate (accident per year per km road length).
JK―Number of accidents during T year.
T―The period of observation (year).
L―The Length of the road (km).
The method used for determining accident rate as [
S I = F A × 100 %
where:
SI―Severity Index (%).
F ―The Number of deaths (person) during the period of observation.
A―number of accidents during the period of observation
Road traffic is built on based on three aspects; human, vehicles and road environment, that interrelated each other. The previous authors have categorized the relation between highway condition and traffic accident [
The objectives of research are to develop a road safety management by examining the characteristics of road accidents, analyzing the causative factors of this problem, and proposing possible solutions. This study uses the methods; case study observation, quantitative assessment though analyzing secondary data from Indonesia Land Transportation Statistics, from 2016-2018, and framework analysis. And the national transport safety committee of Indonesia. The research consists of two steps: the first steps with reviewing data and documents, then
| Phase | Factors | Mitigation |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-crash Crash Prevention | Human | Reduction of risk exposure (reduction of the need to travel, replace of trips by modes, etc.); Knowledge of norm and rules. Practical training. Raise people’s awareness aiming to promote the appropriate behavior. Police enforcement. Use of clothing with reflective material by pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclist and street workers at night; |
| Vehicles and equipment | Lighting Proper maintenance. Reflective devices for bicycles, motorcycles, and heavy vehicles. Speed management. Road worthiness. | |
| Road Environment | Pedestrian Facilities. Speed Limits. Road geometry. Drainage. Signals. |
Source: [
describing based on trends, causative factors, and index. Whereas the second steps proposed a framework policy for solving the problems.
This research is divided into 4 steps, including the introduction, data collection, results, and discussion, as well as the conclusion. The secondary data used was retrieved from Indonesia Land Transportation Statistics, from 2016-2018, and The National Transport Safety Committee of Indonesia. The data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative content descriptions. The qualitative method was used to describe the characteristics of traffic accidents. Also, it was used to describe the general conditions of causative factors of Indonesia’s road accidents.
| No. | The conditions related to the characteristics of traffic accidents | Year | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | ||
| 1) | Number of accidents (case) | 106,644 | 104,327 | 109,215 |
| 2) | Type of accident (person) | |||
| a) Death | 31,262 | 30,694 | 29,472 | |
| b) Severe injury | 20,075 | 14,559 | 13,315 | |
| c) Light injury | 120,532 | 121,575 | 130,571 | |
| 3) | Number of vehicles (unit) | |||
| a) Total vehicles | 129,094,823 | 137,211,819 | 146,858,759 | |
| b) Car | 14,459,388 | 15,423,968 | 16,440,987 | |
| c) Bus | 2,486,898 | 2,509,258 | 2,538,182 | |
| d) Truck | 6,998,455 | 7,289,910 | 7,778,543 | |
| e) Motorcycle | 105,150,082 | 111,988,683 | 120,101,047 | |
| 4) | The length of the road by condition (km) | |||
| a) Total road length | 537,838 | 484,799 | 543,310 | |
| b) Good condition | 242,487 | 215,398 | 237,347 | |
| c) Damaged condition | 86,605 | 81,083 | 81,869 | |
| d) Seriously damaged | 93,619 | 84,137 | 118,182 | |
| 5) | The length of the road by surface type (km) | |||
| a) Total length | 537,838 | 539,353 | 542,310 | |
| b) Paved | 326,629 | 321,093 | 329,926 | |
| c) Non paved | 179,457 | 184,745 | 212,384 | |
Source: [
for roads in good condition. The length of severely damaged roads decreased from 93,619 meters in 2016 to 84,137 meters in 2017. However, there was a significant rise in the length of severely damaged roads to 118,182 meters in 2018. In contrast, the length of the damaged roads remained stable in 2017 and 2018. The length of non-paved roads underwent a gradual rise from 2016 to 2018. However, the length of paved roads decreased to 321,093 meters in 2017, then rose steadily to 329,926 meters in 2018.
By utilizing factors developed on Haddon’s model, the frequency case of accident is analyzed based on the report from the National Transport Safety Committee of Indonesia (KNKT) related to traffic accidents and transportation of 2007-2020. The factors of Haddon’s model then are developed more detail, considering the fact accident events in Indonesia. It is founded that not only the physical aspect influence on traffic accident, but also institutional management play important roles to prevent the crash events.
| No. | Performance of road, traffic and pavement | Detail factors in traffic accidents |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vehicle condition | 1) Lack of regular mechanical maintenance 2) Brake life components exceed the limit 3) Road unworthy vehicles 4) Lack of crashworthiness of design and specification body machines |
| 2 | Traffic condition | 1) Freight cars enter the prohibited lanes 2) Lack of supervision of route licensing 3) Lack of route limitation to heavy vehicles 4) High operations of passenger buses |
| 3 | Vehicle speed | 1) Lack of speed restrictions 2) Lack of installed speed bumps 3) Lack of ribbon/rumble strips |
| 4 | Pedestrian access | 1) Lack of space for pedestrians 2) Poor designs of pedestrian elevation 3) Much disturbance on pedestrian access 4) Many barriers and parking on the street |
| 5 | Equipment and road lighting | 1) Lack of road lighting in sloping areas 2) Lack of road lighting in the black spot areas |
| 6 | Road markings and facilities | 1) Lack of appropriate placement of road markings, especially in sloping areas 2) Lack of clearness of road marking 3) Lack of pedestrian marking 4) Lack of road facility in stating traffic sign such as speed limit, warning, precaution and mirrors. |
Source: [
| No. | Soft performances in road and traffic | Detail factors in a traffic accident |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Regulation | 1) Lack of understanding traffic law 2) Lack of socialization of using seat belts |
| 2 | Human resources | 3) Lack of understanding of road safety and other regulations 4) Lack of staff to control black spot areas 5) Lack of driving licenses 6) Lack of supervision to the psychological conditions of road users |
Based on the
On the other hand, institutional management is the biggest challenges on Indonesia management system. The national government has a national action plan, grand safety documents and technical guidance to reduce fatality in Indonesia, but the capacity of regional and local level has fewer resources. Therefore, controlling, supervising, and maintaining all aspect on safety management is lack on implementation.
The discussion above has been confirmed by the previous research by stated that barriers to implementing sustainability on road infrastructure in Indonesia are constrained insufficient human capacity resources, technical guidance, and financial resources [
Haddon’s model has proposed mitigating factors that cause road accidents, as seen in
The report from the National Transport Safety Committee of Indonesia (KNKT) related to traffic accidents and transportation of 2007-2020 analyzed and categorized the road performance. This was aimed at supporting sustainable safety in road and transport infrastructures. The factors were analyzed from 2016 to 2018, as seen in
| Years | Road Length (Km) | The number of accidents (Person) | The Number of Vehicles (Unit) | TK (Accident Rate per year per km) | SI Severity Index (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 537,838 | 1,718,869 | 120,094,823 | 0.32 | 18.2 |
| 2017 | 484,799 | 166,828 | 137,211,819 | 0.34 | 18.4 |
| 2018 | 543,310 | 173,358 | 146,858,759 | 0.31 | 17.0 |
To achieve sustainable road safety management, an integrated solution is needed in order to develop a holistic approach. The solution should be based on:
NHTSA identified human errors that cause traffic accidents. They included recognition, decision, and performance errors [
The use of technology is introduced through modern equipment, which helps in creating safety systems regarding road infrastructures. First, it is necessary to develop and application that is integrated in an intelligent transport system. The application of electronic systems improves safety, security, and efficiency of transportation infrastructure through application computer vision video camera [
A road safety audit is essential in comparing implementation on the field, recorded within the agreement of technical standards. It is categorized into road geometry, pavement damage performance, and harmonization of road equipment facilities. Regular monitoring and auditing, particularly in black spot areas, is essential because it helps minimize the severe impacts of accidents. The safety audit is conducted by establishing consistent geometric designs and accurate placements of road facilities.
Monitoring and supervising ensure that the traffic works according to the set rules and regulations. Also, it ensures a high level of implementation of rules and regulations for drivers, punishment for traffic violators, guidance, and standards of road designs and facilities, as well as safety campaigns. Increasing socialization of road safety is achieved through campaigns on social media platforms, websites, or road safety applications. This requires collaborations by road authorities, police, and the society to effectively monitor and supervise the traffic system.
The legislation is an effective way to ensure road safety management and to curb violations of rules and regulations. Many regulations and laws have been established to create legal means to achieve road safety and sustainability. Various of Indonesia’s regulations and laws are in
The laws and regulations above cover all aspects to increase road safety in Indonesia. However, it is vital to implement regulations and laws through technology for efficient road safety management. The framework of Road Safety Management is seen in
| No | Type | Aspect | Rules, regulations, and guidelines in Indonesia |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Standard and guidelines | Road geometry | Law No. 38-year 1997 concerning geometry planning for roads between cities |
| 2 | Law and standard | Road safety facility | Ministry of Transportation. Law the No. 82-year 2018 concerning control tools and safety for road users |
| 3 | Law and standard | Pedestrian planning | Ministry of Public Works, Law No. 26 of 2007, concerning procedures for pedestrian planning. |
| 4 | Standard and guidelines | Pavement design | Road Pavement Manual. No. 04/SE/Db/2017 |
| 5 | Standard and guidelines | Technical guidelines for road safety | Ministry of Public Works No. 02/IN/Db/2012 |
| 6 | Law and guidelines | Safety for vehicles | Government regulation No. 37-year 2017 concerning traffic safety and road transport |
| 7 | Regulation | Road infrastructure maintenance | Ministry of Public Works No. 13/PRT/M/2-11 concerning procedures of road infrastructure maintenance |
There are macro and micro causative factors that influence traffic accidents in Indonesia. The macro factors include the number of vehicles, road lengths, and the increasing conditions of road damages at the regional level. The micro factors include human errors, such as lack of monitoring and supervising of vehicles, equipment and road environment, and lack of law enforcement. To deal with the macro and micro factors, 5 strategic approaches are adapted. They are listed from the human, equipment and vehicles, road environment, monitoring, and supervising, as well as regulation and law approach. Laws and regulations are an umbrella for all aspects related to human, equipment and vehicles, road environment, as well as monitoring and supervising. Supervision and monitoring must be conducted to ensure the 3 aspects of work based on law and regulation. It is useful in identifying the process of implementation by collaborating with all the stakeholders involved. The human capacity is strengthened by improving knowledge and skills through training programs. As a result, it enhances road recognition, psychological, and practical efficiency. Using technology and regular maintenance improves the performance of equipment and vehicles. Conducting road safety audits through planning, designing, and operating improves the technical aspects of road traffic performances, which reduces traffic accidents.
A short section may acknowledge special assistance and sources of research funding.
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Djalante, S. (2020) Traffic Accident Characteristic Assessment to Enhance Sustainability in Road and Transportation Infrastructures in Indonesia. Open Access Library Journal, 7: e6796. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106796