The experiment takes place in three lowlands including Tenseiga in the North Sudanese zone (rainfall between 600 and 900 mm), Banflagouè-fon and Sindou in the South Sudanese zone (between the 900 - 1200 mm isohyets) in Burkina. These areas are characterized by the alternation of dry and rainy seasons. In Sindou, the physical environment is characterized by a relief in three topographic units, namely the plateaus, the plains and the great cliff, and is drained by the tributaries of the Léraba river. The geological structure of Banblagouè-fon is essentially made up of sedimentary rocks. The lowland of Tenseiga is located on a peneplain dotted with lowlands and hills. Tenseiga and Banflagoè-fon are drained by many seasonal rivers (Figure 1).

Data from the meteorological stations of Bérégadougou (1986-2016) and Bobo-Dioulasso (1986-2016) as well as the Koupéla pluviometry (2000-2016) were used to characterize the climate on the Sindou lowlands, Banflagouè-fon and Tenseiga over the period from 2000 to 2017. However, during the experiment in 2018 and 2019, we installed an automatic climate station on each site in order to have rainfall data better reflecting the rain received.

These infiltration measurements were made using Muntz’s double rings. More than ten measurements were carried out per site depending on the zoning of the different types of soil with the naked eye. Data was processed using GraphPad. The table of [13] allowed us to determine the types of soil according to the infiltration rates as follows (1, 2 and 3):

Cumulate the heights according to the formula:

h t ( m m ) = ∑ i = 0 i = t h i (1)

The average infiltration is given by:

I m o y − t [ m m / h ] = d h [ m m ] d t [ h ] (2)

I m o y − t [ m m h ] = h t − h 0 t − t 0 (3)

The measurement device consisted of an adapted smart valley part [14] of 5 ha and an undeveloped part of 5 ha as a control on each of the three lowlands. Sixteen tubes, eight of which in the smart valley area and eight in the undeveloped area, were installed in the shallows, allowing humidity to be measured at a depth of 10, 20, 30, 40 cm. The humidity measurements were carried out once a week with a type moisture meter (HH2, Moisture Meter, DELTA-T DEVICES, CAMBRIDGE-ENGLAND) during the wet seasons of 2018 and 2019. The measurements are carried out by immersing the probe in these tubes driven into the ground.

Experimentations of rice varieties have been done in the three lowlands during two rainy seasons 2018 and 2019. In the each lowland, we had taken one ha in the smart valley part and another ha in the undeveloped area. Each ha is subdivided into four subplots of 0.25 ha where four varieties of rice (Orylux6, FKR62N, FKR19 and FKR64) were tested. At harvest, the yield of the four varieties was determined in the smart valley and undeveloped area.

As annual modules, we obtain 1044 mm for Sindou, 947 mm for Banflagouè-Fon and 750 mm for Tenseiga, which is the confirmation of their location in the Sudanian zone. With the weather stations installed, the maximum daily rainfall recorded is 74 mm for Sindou, 83 mm for Banflagouè-Fon and 100.5 mm for Tenseiga during the month of August (Table 1).

We have 168 mm/h for Sindou, 31 mm/h for Banflagouè-Fon and 11.56 mm/h for Tansèga (Figure 2). We have a sandy soil for the lowland of Sindou, sandy loam soil for the lowland of Banflagouè-Fon and clayey-silty soil for Tansèga, [15] by analysis of composite samples of the soils of these lowlands, funds in the laboratory had led to the same result. According to [16] lowland soils are formed from deposits of colluvium and alluvium in the watershed. The Sindou lowland watershed is used in different places as a construction sand quarry, which strips the soil. When it rains, the sand is carried by run-off water in the shallows. This explains the strong silting of the lowland. Normally, such a type of soil is not suitable for growing rice. However, the high rainfall in the area and the saturation of the surrounding land favour the maintenance of a substantial layer of water, making the lowland suitable for rice cultivation.

Sindou’s lowland: the rainfall in 2018 seems particular compared to that of the last ten years and even more. In fact, between June 1 and September 20, 2018, we recorded 1152 mm of rain (Figure 3). The longest pocket of drought was seven days, and on average it rained every two days in Sindou. Contrary to what one might expect, namely the saturation of the lowland over time, given the intensity of the rains, the results of the humidity probes gave humidity levels between 25% and 40%. This is explained by the nature of the essentially sandy soil. The large volume of water which therefore arrives in the lowland is very quickly evacuated through runoff or absorbed by the soil to recharge the water table.

Banflagouè-fon’s lowland: The total rainfall recorded during these three months was 906 mm. The maximum was 83 mm and the minimum, 3 mm (Figure 3). There is consistent humidity throughout the lowland with the presence of a layer of water in the rice cellars. The humidity on the finished part is between 26% and 38% while that of the unfinished part is in the range (27%; 35%). The unfinished part is therefore slightly wetter than the fitted-out part. This fact can be explained by the position of the undeveloped part in the toposequence of the lowland. It was taken downstream of the converted part. Hypodermic discharge is therefore the source of this advantage for the undeveloped part.

Tenseiga’s lowland: The average humidity on the Smart-Valleys plots is between 25% and 40% humidity, on the other hand for the undeveloped plot, it is between 18% and 36%. In addition, after the rains stop, the soil moisture with the Smart-Valleys arrangement is preserved for an average of three weeks which allows the plant to continue growing.

With the exception of the Banflagouè-fon lowland where the downstream positioning of an undeveloped plot benefited from hypodermic runoff, the humidity rate was higher in the smart-valley plots throughout the cycle. In addition, humidity decreases rapidly in the unmanaged plots (Sindou and Tanseiga) when the rain becomes increasingly scarce. Closing the breaches in the smart’valley plots makes it possible to retain the last runoff water, thus making it possible to fight against end-of-cycle droughts. In 2019, we observed these same trends.

Yields are higher than the level of smart valley plots (Figure 4). The smart valley development has allowed an average yield increase of 21% compared to the average yield of unmanaged plots. In Benin, yields were doubled with smart valley approach [12] [17] [18]. In addition, this technology has transformed the yields on rice farms in Ghana and Nigeria where it was introduced in 1997 and 2001, and is estimated on average between 4.5 to 5.2 tonnes per hectare [11] [19].