Aim:
The aim of this study was to investigate whether magnetic resonance spectrum (MRS) and MR imaging features can be used for non-invasive medulloblastoma subgrouping, and analyse patient characteristics and prognosis of molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma. Material and Methods: 32 patients with medulloblastoma underwent MRI prior to surgical resection, 16 of them underwent MRS. MR imaging features and metabolites measured by MRS were analysed to distinguish molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma. Patient demographics, histopathological types, and prognosis of different molecular subtypes were analysed and compared respectively. Results: MRS and MR imaging features differed from different individuals, but without statistical significance that involves acquiring non-quantitative MR imaging features and NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, Lip/Cr, Glu and Gln/Cr ratio, to be used to determine molecular subtypes. There was no significant difference of the three molecular subtypes in age, gender and pathological type. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) of SHH, WNT and non SHH/WNT subtype respectively were 75%, 57.1%, 38.1%, with no significant difference (p = 0.382). 5-year EFS of non SHH/WNT subtype was significantly higher in ≤3 years old group than >3 years old group (p = 0.047). Conclusion: MRS and MR imaging features can’t be used to determine molecular subtypes based on our small sample study. There was no significant difference of the prognosis in the three molecular subtypes. The prognosis of ≤3 years old group of non SHH/WNT subtype is better than >3 years old group.
Medulloblastoma is an invasive embryonal tumor of central nervous system, accounting for about 20% of intracranial tumors and 40% of tumors in the posterior fossa in children, in addition to pilocytic astrocytoma it was another kind of high incidence posterior fossa tumors in children [1]. Studies had shown that age, gender, location, tumor resection degree, proliferation index and histopathological types would not affect the prognosis of medulloblastoma [2] [3]. In recent years, the research progress of molecular biology showed that the prognosis of medulloblastoma had close correlation with molecular subtypes [4] [5] [6]. Medulloblastoma can be divided into four subtypes according to the genomic characterization: wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), group 3 and group 4 that combined to non SHH/WNT [7] [8].
The in vivo and non-invasive biomarkers to molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma could facilitate the treatment strategies of these tumors in children. Magnetic resonance spectrum (MRS) has great significance in the differential diagnosis of brain tumors and predicting the clinical outcomes, which determines in vivo concentrations of metabolites of the tumors [9] [10]. Blüml S et al. [11] reported MRS as a non-invasive and accurate tool to differentiate molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma. Peet AC et al. [12] reported MRS could suggest key differences in the metastatic behaviour of medulloblastoma.
In this study we acquired metabolites measured by MRS of 16 patients and MR imaging features of 32 patients with medulloblastoma, to investigate their prediction of molecular subtypes of pediatric medulloblastoma. Furthermore, we analysed patient demographics, histopathological types, and prognosis of molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma.
2. Materials and Methods2.1. Patients
32 patients with medulloblastoma underwent MRI prior to surgical resection and 16 of them underwent MRS at our hospital from January 2010 to December 2013. Our institution’s Committee on Clinical Research Ethics approved the study protocol, and informed consent was obtained from the parents. The eligibility criteria including: 1) less than 16 years old; 2) postoperative pathology confirmed medulloblastoma; 3) Standard chemoradiotherapy was performed postoperatively. Postoperative chemotherapy was performed on patients ≤ 3 years old, both radiotherapy and chemotherapy were performed on patients > 3 years old.
2.2. MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Protocol
Brain MR images were obtained on a 3T system (Philips Achieva) using an 8-channel SENSE head coil. T1-weighted spin-echo images (TR/TE = 700/300 ms, slice thickness = 5 mm); Turbo spin-echo T2-weighted images (TR = 5000 ms, TE = 100 ms, slice thickness = 5 mm); Fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) images (TR/TI = 12,000/2850 ms, TE = 140 ms, slice thickness = 5 mm); Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was conducted with a single-shot spin-echo echo planar imaging sequence (TR = 2653 ms, TE = 77 ms, b = 0.1000 sec/mm2); Enhancement scan used Gd-DTPA for contrast agent, dose 0.1 mmol/kg, contrast-enhanced T1 spin-echo (TR/TE, 700/20 ms; slice thickness = 5 mm); MRS used single voxel point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS), with TE of 35 ms, TR of 1500 ms. The regions of interest (ROIs) centered in the substantial parts of the tumors, excluding areas of hemorrhage, cystic, necrosis and bone.
2.3. Image Post-Processing
Two pediatric radiologists, who were blinded to the clinical history, histopathology, and molecular data, evaluated all MRI and MRS images. MRS analysis was processed using a automated software (the Extended MR WorkSpace 2.6.3.5 workstation manufactured by Philips company).
2.4. Molecular Subgrouping
Next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to detect medulloblastoma relevant 39 gene mutation, and chromosome amplification or deletion mutation to determine the molecular subtypes on the basis of gene-expression profiling, including 4 subtypes: WNT, SHH, group 3 and group 4 that combined to non SHH/WNT. Medulloblastomas harbouring somatic mutations of CTNNB1 that promote stabilization and nuclear localization of β-catenin belong to the WNT subgroup [8] [13]. WNT subgroup medulloblastomas often carry heterozygous TP53 mutations [14] [15]. Somatic mutations of PTCH1, and somatic copy number aberrations (SCNAs) affecting the SHH target genes MYCN and GLI family zinc finger 2 (GLI2), are typical of this subgroup [6] [16]. Focal high-level amplification of the MYC protooncogene is highly enriched in Group 3 medulloblastoma and almost all cases exhibit aberrant MYC expression [16] [17]. The proto-oncogenes MYCN and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) are recurrently amplified in Group 4 medulloblastomas [16] [17]. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of 24 patients and frozen tissue of 8 patients were available for molecular subgrouping.
2.5. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM’s SPSS platform software (Windows, version 19.0). Patient demographics, histopathological types, prognosis, MRS and MR imaging features were compared using the χ2 test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables or independent-samples Student’s t-test for continuous variables. p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
3. Results3.1. Patient Demographics and Medulloblastoma Molecular Subtypes
The patients ranged in age from 1 to 11 years with median age 6.5 years old. There were 21 male and 11 female. 22 of 32 cases were >3 years old, including 14 male and 8 female; 10 of 32 cases were ≤3 years old, including 7 male and 3 female.
4 of 32 cases (12.5%) were the SHH subtype, 7 of 32 cases (21.9%) were the WNT subtype, 21 of 32 cases (65.6%) were the non SHH/WNT subtype.
3.2. MR Imaging Features and Molecular Subtypes
All patients underwent MRI prior to surgical resection. There was no significant difference of tumor location, T2 and DWI signal, contrast enhancement pattern, cyst or metastatic tumor in the three molecular subtypes (Table 1, Figure 1).
16 of them underwent MRS prior to surgical resection. 2 of 16 cases (12.5%) were the SHH subtype, 3 of 16 cases (18.8%) were the WNT subtype, 11 of 16 cases (68.8%) were the non SHH/WNT subtype. Metabolite concentrations were obtained by measuring area under the curve (AUC) values. N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), creatine (Cr), glutamate/glutamine (Glu and Gln), and lipids (Lip) of the tumor and peritumoral normal brain area were obtained and NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, Lip/Cr, Glu and Gln/Cr ratio were calculated with Cr as an internal standard.
MRS demonstrated low levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), and high levels of
MR imaging features according to medulloblastoma molecular subtypes
Variables
SHH, n (%)
WNT, n (%)
Non SHH/WNT, n (%)
p
Location
midline/fourth ventricle
3 (75)
6 (85.7)
18 (85.7)
0.792
cerebellar hemispheres
1 (25)
1 (14.3)
3 (14.3)
T2 signal
homogeneous
2 (50)
4 (57.1)
9 (42.9)
0.869
heterogeneous
2 (50)
3 (42.9)
12 (57.1)
DWI high signal
4 (100)
7 (100)
21 (100)
n/a
Cyst
2 (50)
4 (57.1)
14 (66.7)
0.134
Enhancement pattern
patchy
1 (25)
5 (71.4)
17 (81.0)
homogeneous
2 (50)
1 (14.3)
2 (9.5)
minimal or no
1 (25)
1 (14.3)
2 (9.5)
Metastatic tumor
0 (0)
2 (28.6)
6 (28.6)
n/a
choline-containing compounds (Cho), with prominent or low levels of lipids (Lip) and little or no evidence of glutamate/glutamine (Glu and Gln) (Figure 2(A) & Figure 2(B)). The average and standard deviation of NAA/Cr ratio was 0.69 ± 0.36 (95% CI = 0.50 to 0.88); The average and standard deviation of Cho/Cr ratio was 4.76 ± 2.84 (95% CI = 3.25 to 6.27); The average and standard deviation of Lip/Cr ratio was 2.51 ± 2.63 (95% CI = 1.11 to 3.91); The average and standard deviation of Glu and Gln/Cr ratio was 0.35 ± 0.28 (95% CI = 0.20 to 0.50). We combined SHH and WNT subtype (denoted SHH+WNT) to distinguish between SHH+WNT and non SHH/WNT subtype. However, there was no significant difference of NAA/Cr (t = 0.263, p = 0.799), Cho/Cr (t = −0.509, p = 0.619), Lip/Cr (t = 0.506, p = 0.621), Glu and Gln/Cr ratio (t = 1.984, p = 0.074) between SHH+WNT subtype and non SHH/WNT subtype (Figure 2(C)).
3.3. Patient Characteristics and Molecular Subtypes
There was no significant difference of the three molecular subtypes in age, gender and histopathological type (Table 2).
Patient characteristics according to medulloblastoma molecular subtypes
Variables
SHH, n (%)
WNT, n (%)
Non SHH/WNT, n (%)
p
Age
≤3 years old
2 (50)
3 (42.9)
5 (23.8)
0.461
>3 years old
2 (50)
4 (57.1)
16 (76.2)
Sex
male
3 (75)
4 (57.1)
14 (66.7)
0.868
female
1 (25)
3 (42.9)
7 (33.3)
Histopathological type
classic
2 (50)
6 (85.7)
17 (81.0)
0.442
desmoplastic
2 (50)
1 (14.3)
4 (19.0)
3.4. Prognosis and Molecular Subtypes
The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) of SHH, WNT and non SHH/WNT subtype respectively were 75%, 57.1%, 38.1%, with no significant difference (p = 0.382). 5-year EFS of non SHH/WNT subtype was 80% in ≤3 years old group, and 25% in >3 years old group, with significant difference (p = 0.047) (Table 3).
4. Discussion
Medulloblastoma is an invasive embryonal tumor in the posterior fossa in children.
Prognosis according to medulloblastoma molecular subtypes
≤3 years old group
>3 years old group
SHH
WNT
Non SHH/WNT
SHH
WNT
Non SHH/WNT
Total cases (n)
2
3
5
2
4
16
Recurrence (n, %)
0, 0
1, 33.3
1, 20
1, 50
2, 50
12, 75
Death (n, %)
0, 0
1, 33.3
0, 0
0, 0
1, 25
8, 50
Extensive prognostic variability exists between individuals, 5 year overall survival ranges from 20% to 100% [2]. Several studies showed there were no differences between patient outcomes and the histopathological types (classic, desmoplastic, extensive nodularity, large cell/anaplastic) or clinical features [7] [18] [17]. In recent years, the research progress of molecular biology showed that the prognosis of medulloblastoma had a close correlation with molecular subtypes [6] [19]. Each subgroup exhibits distinct molecular genetic and metabolic profiles that would facilitate specific targeted therapy [20] [21] [22]. Group 3 and group 4 have different metabolic profiles as compared with WNT and SHH subtypes, due to the frequent MYC or MYCN oncogene amplification and overexpression in the former subtypes [7] [18].
MRS has great significance in the differential diagnosis of brain tumors and predicting the clinical outcomes, which determines in vivo concentrations of metabolites of the tumors [23] [24]. As widely known no single tumor feature could be used alone to identify tumor subtype [25], MRS can offer additional options. High total Cho/Cr ratios and low total NAA/Cr ratios have been noted as biomarkers of poor prognosis for plenty of tumours [26] [27] [28]. Peet AC et al. [12] reported higher levels of total choline and lower levels of mobile lipids were observed in patients with metastatic medulloblastoma. Martin et al. [29] found glutamate detected by MRS could predict survival in pediatric medulloblastoma.
In our study, we acquired metabolites measured by MRS and MR imaging features of patients with medulloblastoma, to investigate their prediction of molecular subtypes of pediatric medulloblastoma. Although Blüml S et al. [11] and Perreault S et al. [30] reported MRS and MRI as non-invasive and accurate tools to differentiate molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma, in this study we indeed found MRS and MR imaging features differed from different individuals, but without statistic significance to be used to determine molecular subtypes. This result may be influenced by the small sample size of our study, and need to be repeated on a larger scale and confirmed in a validation cohort.
Survival outcomes differ based on molecular subtypes, with good survival observed in children with WNT subtype and intermediate survival prospect in infants with SHH subtype [6] [18] [31]. In contrast, patients of group 3 and group 4 have a poor prognosis [18] [32]. Previous study has reported that almost 75% patients with medulloblastoma relapsed in the first 2 years postoperation [33]. In the current study, molecular subgrouping analysis revealed that more than a half of the children were the non SHH/WNT subtype, with 5-year EFS of 38.1%, which is poorer than SHH of 75% and WNT of 57.1%. However there was no statistic significant difference that may due to the study sample size. 5-year EFS of non SHH/WNT subtype in ≤3 years old group was 80%, compared to 25% in >3 years old group, which was significantly higher (p = 0.047). Differ from previous studies which reported ≤3 years old as an independent risk factor of medulloblastoma [34] [35], our result may be related to the follow-up period.
In conclusion, MRS and MR imaging features can't be used to determine molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma based on our small sample study. There was no significant difference of the prognosis in the three molecular subtypes. The prognosis of ≤3 years old group of non SHH/WNT subtype is better than > 3 years old group.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Jin Zhu (Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University), for his contributions to this work.
Funding
The project was funded by General project of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission (cstc2019jscx-msxmX0143).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Zhang, Y.T. and Li, L.S. (2020) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Prognostic Analysis of Molecular Subtypes of Medulloblastoma. Open Journal of Clinical Diagnostics, 10, 81-91. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojcd.2020.103007
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