The aims of this paper are to calculate the mass values of light mesons using a way different to one of QCD potentials. Instead of incorporating the binding energy of the quarks in suitable potentials [9], we incorporated [4] it into the quarks’ mass which compose the pion. Nevertheless, we have not considered the bare masses of quarks [9], but appropriate values of them masses derived from a “geometric structure” of pions [2] [4] and of same quarks. These “dressed” mass values are very greater than that of free quarks. This way, the bonded quarks inside the hadron would have enough mass to reach the hadronic mass, provided that we correctly sum them up. Since the pion, the lightest meson is made of two bonded states of quarks, its mass could be placed as base mass to determine the mass of the most massive mesons and hadrons. Although the procedure is different from that of QCD, we can see that the two models (QCD and AGM) have some points of connection. In fact, in QCD [9] the quarks (u, d) would show an interaction potential [V(r) » kr], expressed by an interaction strong force with modality [F » −k], while, at a short distance, could be [V(r) » (−4α/3r + …)] with force [F » 4α/3r²]. This aspect would be similar to the interaction force in AGM, where the binding gluons in the geometric structure of two quarks (u, d) are equivalent to simple oscillators [10] with elastic force [F » −k]. If it is [F » −kr] then it would be better. Speaking of elastic tensions in bound quarks q_i, we can so admit that in the elastic parameters (k_i) are contained the mass defects; in this way the parameter k replaces the potential V(r)).

In the interpenetration of quarks and their dynamics interactions, we used, see ref. [3] [4], a new Ä-operation of combination (or coupling) of quarks and particles: (a_i Ä b_j). The new operation (Ä) indicates a composition of two operations (Ä, Å) or [Ä º (Ä U Å)], where Ä-operation describes the proper interpenetration of the quarks and follows, in algebraic calculations, the properties of multiplication. Instead, Å-operation describes dynamics interactions and follows, in algebraic calculations, the properties of the sum. In a table, see Table 1, we list some algebraic properties of the Ä-operation which will be used in the calculations of mesons’ masses.

In general, for every X-system (composed by more particles), we used [3] [4] a partial mass Function (F_m) applied to structure equation of X-system, with

X [ ( A 1 , A 2 , ⋯ , A n ) ⊗ ; ( B 1 , B 2 , ⋯ , B n ) ⊕ ] ,

where [ ( A i ) ⊗ , ( B j ) ⊕ ] are the “base components” of the structure. The (F_m) is an application on the structure components (A, B), which gives us the mass values

(m_i) of these components of base. The (F_m) operates on X, in the following way:

F m ( X ) = { ∑ ( i , j ) = 1 n F m [ ( A i ) ( ⊗ ) , ( B j ) ( ⊕ ) ] } = [ ∑ i = 1 n m ( A i ) ( ⊗ ) ] A + [ ∑ j = 1 m m ( B j ) ( ⊕ ) ] B = [ m ( a ⊗ b ) A 1 + ⋯ + m ( w ⊗ z ) A n ] A + [ m ( a ⊕ b ) B 1 + ⋯ + m ( w ⊕ z ) B m ] B (1)

We will have the following applications:

{ F m ( A ( ⊗ ) ) = F m [ ( a ) ⊗ ( b ) ] A = 〈 m ( a , b ) 〉 = 〈 m ( a ) , m ( b ) 〉 F m ( B ( ⊕ ) ) = F m [ ( a ) ⊕ ( b ) ] B = m ( ( a ) ⊕ ( b ) ) = m ( a ) + m ( b ) } (2)

Note that the mass of two interpenetrating particles [ a ⊗ b ] will be obtained by the average value of individual masses [ 〈 m ( a , b ) 〉 ] , while the mass of two interacting particles [ a ⊕ b ] will be obtained by the sum of the masses of each particle. To obtain the total mass of a structure, it needs to add eventual (m_kin) relativistic kinetic mass and mass defects (Δm). To the exception of some cases (which we will specify) m k i n ≪ m 0 , therefore we will have: [ m t o t = m p a r t ± Δ m i ] .

The mass defect will be:

Δ m = Δ m g + Δ m e m

where Δm_g is the mass defect due to binding by gluons. Nevertheless, the Δm_g has been englobed in masses of the charged pion (see ref. [3] [4]) or in quark (u_π, d_π)); therefore, we consider only electromagnetic mass defect: Δm = Δm_em.

To obtain the mass defects (Δm > 0, Δm < 0) we will use a Function (F_Δm) of mass defect applied to structure equation so defined:

F Δ m ( A 1 , A 2 , ⋯ , A n ) = { ∑ ( i , j ) = 1 n F Δ m [ ( A i ) ( ⊗ ) , ( B j ) ( ⊕ ) ] } = [ ∑ i = 1 Δ m ( A i ) ( ⊗ ) + ∑ j = 1 Δ m ( B i ) ( ⊕ ) ] + [ ∑ ( i = 1 , j = 1 ) n Δ m ( A i ⊕ B j ) ] ( I ° -degree )     + [ ∑ ( i = 1 , j = 1 , k = 1 i ≠ j ≠ k ) n Δ m ( A i ⊕ ( A j ⊕ A k ) ) ] ( II ° -deg . )     + [ ∑ ( i = 1 , j = 1 , k = 1 i ≠ j ≠ k ) n Δ m ( B i ⊕ ( B j ⊕ B k ) ) ] ( II ° -deg . ) (3)

where “i-degree” points out the degree of coupling of two and more couplings. Here the terms of degree superior to II˚ are omitted. It needs to consider that:

Δ m [ ( a ) ⊗ ( b ) ] A i = { 0 Δ m ( a , b ) ( a ∩ b ) ≠ 0 } Δ m [ ( a ) ⊕ ( b ) ] B i = Δ m ( a , b ) interaction (4)

where the (a, b) point out “base particles” of the (A_i, B_j)-component, as i.e. the pions π or the quarks q. Note mass defect is zero if there is the only interpenetration between the two particles (a, b) without interacting parts. Instead, the mass defect cannot be zero if there are some parts of (a, b) dynamically interacting (a Ç b), see the neutral pion in diagonal (AB), see Figure 1, where the d-quark and u-quark, exchange energy quanta along the diagonal. Now, we can project the properties of Table 1 in the space of the functions (F_m, F_Δm) to obtain the properties of the operations (Ä, Å) for calculating the masses and mass defects (see Table 2).

In article [3], we have calculated the bare masses of quark, by the annihilation energy of quark (u, d) belonging to neutral pion:

[ m ( u ) bare = ( 3 .51 ) MeV , m ( d ) bare = ( 5 .67 ) MeV ] (5)

These values are inside the range anticipated by literature [11] [12]. Besides, see the ref. [3], we calculated also the values of dressed masses of quarks inside to pion:

[ m ( u ) dressed = ( 53 .31 ) MeV , m ( d ) dressed = ( 86 .26 ) MeV ] (6)

It is so evident that the values of masses of quarks, both bare and dressed inside pion, could be used to obtaining the mass spectrum of light mesons. If the values in Equation (6) are that of bound quarks in pion by gluons, then we can think of incorporate the potential V(r) of gluons in QCD into mass values of the

Equation (6). So, the bound masses of quarks playing a fundamental rule inside pions. By pion (π º (u, d)) we can build the mesons’ structures. To make this, it needs so to admit the presence of a lattice of bound “virtual pions” {π⁺, π⁻}, with an elementary cell having the form of the { ( π r 0 ) = ( π + ⊕ π − ) } , which represents a “molecule” of pions, you see Figure 1.

However, this lattice, in turn, could have a background lattice of d-quark pairs {d, d}, see, in fact, the structure of neutral pion. In this way, both the { π r 0 } -lattice and {d, d} participating in building the mass spectrum of light mesons.

Here we report Table 3 which summarizes all properties of the operations (F_m, F_Δm), (see Table 1 and Table 2) with pions.

In equivalent two ways, see the ref. [4], we can treat the binding energy between quarks inside pions. The function F_Δm of mass defects expresses these two possibilities. The structure equation contains the considerations on the various dynamics couplings and interpenetrations. The first way is considering without

dynamical couplings all the interpenetrations between two pions, but not the ones between two pairs of pions. Vice versa, the second way is considering without dynamical couplings all the interpenetrations between two pairs of pions, but not the ones between two pions. This last aspect implies that all interactions of the different pairs are attributable to the individual couplings between two pions. In this second case, we represent all possible dynamics couplings by a matrix:

‖ A i j ‖ = [ ( π i ± ⊗ π j ± ) ⊕ ] .

We will show the two possible ways in the calculations of meson masses.

η’-meson ((957.78) MeV)

In ref. [4], we have calculated the mass of η-meson. The pions molecules place this meson to first level of energy. One could build a state of 2-level η’ with combination ((π⁰)_r, η^*) where the pion molecule (π⁰)_r overlapping to η^*-combination,

with [ η * = ( π 0 ) r ⊗ ( π 0 ) r ] ; we well have: [ η ′ = ( π 0 ) r ⊗ ( η * ) ] . We need to reduce the structure equation in sum of elementary components (A_i, B_i), see Equation (1).

It follows, by 7-property in Table 1:

η ′ = { [ ( π 1 0 ) r ] ⊗ [ η * ] } = [ ( π 1 0 ) r ] ⊗ [ ( π 2 0 ) r ⊗ ( π 3 0 ) r ] = ( π 1 0 ) r ⊗ [ ( π + ⊕ π − ) 2 ⊗ ( π + ⊕ π − ) 3 ] η * = { [ ( π + ⊕ π − ) 1 ] ⊗ [ ( π + ⊕ π − ) 2 ⊗ ( π + ⊕ π − ) 3 ] η * } ( 1 ) = { [ ( π + ⊕ π − ) 1 ] ⊗ [ ( π + ⊗ π + ) 23 ⊕ ( π + ⊗ π − ) 23     ⊕ ( π − ⊗ π + ) 23 ⊕ ( π − ⊗ π − ) 23 ] η * } ( 1 ) (7)

We apply the F_m function:

m ( η ′ ) = F m ( { [ ( π + ⊕ π − ) 1 ] B ⊗ [ ( π + ⊗ π + ) 23 ⊕ ( π + ⊗ π − ) 23         ⊕ ( π − ⊗ π + ) 23 ⊕ ( π − ⊗ π − ) 23 ] η * } ) = F m ( B ⊗ η * )

Then in the F_m-representation, we can have

m ( η * ) = F m ( [ ( π + ⊗ π + ) 23 ⊕ ( π + ⊗ π − ) 23 ⊕ ( π − ⊗ π + ) 23 ⊕ ( π − ⊗ π − ) 23 ] η * ) = F m ( [ ( π + ) + 2 ( π + ⊗ π − ) + ( π − ) ] )

where we have used the 1_(Ä)-properties of F_m in Table 2. Well, we can apply the same property to the following equation:

m ( η ′ ) = F m ( { [ ( π + ⊕ π − ) ] B ⊗ [ ( π + ) ⊕ 2 ( π + ⊗ π − ) ⊕ ( π − ) ] η * } ) = F m ( [ ( π + ⊗ π + ) ⊕ ( π + ⊗ 2 ( π ± ) 0 ) ⊕ ( π + ⊗ π − ) ] B 1         ⊕ [ ( π − ⊗ π + ) ⊕ ( π − ⊗ 2 ( π ± ) 0 ) ⊕ ( π − ⊗ π − ) ] B 2 ) = F m ( ( π + ) ⊕ 2 ( π ± ⊗ 2 ( π ± ) 0 ) ⊕ 2 ( π ± ) 0 ⊕ ( π − ) )

Moreover, we have [ ( π ± ) 0 = ( π + ⊗ π − ) ] and [ 2 ( π ± ) 0 = ( π + ⊗ π − ) ⊕ ( π + ⊗ π − ) ] F m and F m ( π + ⊗ π + ) = F m ( π + ) , see ref. [4] and Table 3; the 0-superscriptum point out a neutral pion having mass equal to that charged pion ( π ± ): [ m ( π ± ) 0 = m ( π + ⊗ π − ) = m ( π ± ) ] , see Table 3. Note, the number two (2) in the components becomes a multiplicative factor in F_m-function, see the 1_(Å)-property in Table 2. Then, the partial mass is:

m ( η ′ ) * = F m { 2 ( π ± ⊗ 2 ( π ± ) 0 ) ⊕ ( 2 ( π ± ) 0 ) ⊕ ( π + ) ⊕ ( π − ) } ( 5 ) = ( 2 〈 m ( π ± , 2 ( π ± ) 0 ) 〉 ) + ( 2 〈 m ( π + , π − ) 〉 ) + m ( π + ) + m ( π − ) (8)

where it is:

〈 m ( π ± , 2 ( π ± ) 0 ) 〉 = [ m ( π ± ) + m ( 2 ( π ± ) 0 ) 2 ] = ( 209.36 ) MeV (9)

Thus the partial mass value is:

m ( η ′ ) * = 2 ( 209.36 ) MeV + 4 ( 139.57 ) MeV = ( 976 .99 ) MeV (10)

Mass defect of (η’) can be (see Equation (3)):

Δ m ( η ′ ) = Δ m ( ( π 0 ) r ⊗ η * ) = Δ m ( ( π 0 ) r ⊗ ( π 0 ) r ⊗ ( π 0 ) r )

Note that Δ m ( η * ) = Δ m ( η ) , see in ref. [4] the Equations (14) and (25). Then, this equation tells us that the mass defect Δm(η) of η-meson must be inserted inside Δm(η’), because in η’ there is the product of interpenetration (Ä), see Equation (14), ref. [4]:

{ ( π 0 ) r 1 ⊗ ( π 0 ) r 2 ⊗ ( π 0 ) r 3 } = { ( π 0 ) r 1 ⊗ [ ( π 0 ) r 2 ⊗ ( π 0 ) r 3 ] η 23 } = { [ ( π 0 ) r 1 ⊗ ( π 0 ) r 2 ] η 12 ⊗ ( π 0 ) r 3 }

Thus, in Δm(η’) we need to insert 2Δm(η); it follows, with Δm(η^*) = Δm(η):

Δ m ( η ′ ) = Δ m ( ( π 0 ) r ⊗ η * ) = Δ m ( ( π + ⊕ π − ) ⊗ η ) = Δ m ( ( π + ⊗ η ) A 1 ⊕ ( π − ⊗ η ) A 2 ) = Δ m ( ( π + ⊗ η ) A 1 ) + Δ m ( ( π − ⊗ η ) A 2 )       + Δ m ( [ ( π + ⊗ η ) ⊕ _ ( π − ⊗ η ) ] B 12 ) = 2 Δ m ( η ± ) ( A 1 + A 2 ) + Δ m ( [ ( π + ⊗ η ) ⊕ _ ( π − ⊗ η ) ] B 12 ) (11)

Here, we apply the 2-property of Table 2, where (Å) indicates the dynamic coupling at components no-separable: we cannot apply the 2-property again.

Besides, [ η ± = ( π ± ) ⊗ ( η ) ] and Δ m ( [ π ± ⊗ η ] ) = Δ m ( ( η ) π ± ) ≈ Δ m ( η ) = ( 10.35 ) MeV

This because η is a neutral particle and, thus the interaction between (π^±) and (η) during them interpenetration is not comparable with Δm(η). The value of B₁₂-component in Equation (11) we will be:

Δ m ( B 12 ) = Δ m ( ( [ π + ⊗ η ]   ⊕ _   [ π − ⊗ η ] ) B 12 ) = Δ m ( ( η   ⊗ _   [ π + ⊕ π − ] ) B 12 ) = Δ m ( [ ( π 0 ) r ⊗ ( π 0 ) r ] η ⊗ _   [ π + ⊕ π − ] ) = Δ m ( [ ( π + ⊕ π − ) a ⊗ ( π + ⊕ π − ) b ] η ⊗ _   ( π + ⊕ π − ) c ) (12)

Solving individual products:

Δ m ( [ ( π + ⊕ π − ) a ⊗ ( π + ⊕ π − ) b ] η ⊗ _   ( π + ⊕ π − ) c ) = Δ m ( [ ( π a + ⊗ π b + ) ⊕ ( π a + ⊗ π b − ) ⊕ ( π a − ⊗ π b + ) ⊕ ( π a − ⊗ π b − ) ] η ⊗ _   ( π c + ⊕ π c − ) ) = Δ m ( [ ( π a + ⊗ π b + ) ⊗ _   π c + ⊕ ( π a + ⊗ π b − )   ⊗ _   π c + ⊕ ( π a − ⊗ π b + )   ⊗ _   π c + ⊕ ( π a − ⊗ π b − )   ⊗ _   π c + ] η , c )         + Δ m ( [ ( π a + ⊗ π b + )   ⊗ _   π c − ⊕ ( π a + ⊗ π b − )   ⊗ _   π c − ⊕ ( π a − ⊗ π b + )   ⊗ _   π c − ⊕ ( π a − ⊗ π b − )   ⊗ _   π c − ] η , c ) (13)

Where we can note two terms at repulsive interaction

( π + ⊗ π + )   ⊗ _   π + ⇔ component at repulsive action ( π + ⊗ π − )   ⊗ _   π + = ( π ± ) 0   ⊗ _   π + ;   ( π − ⊗ π + )   ⊗ _   π + = ( π ± ) 0   ⊗ _   π + ( π − ⊗ π − )   ⊗ _   π + = π −   ⊗ _   ( π ± ) 0 ;   ( π + ⊗ π + )   ⊗ _   π − = π +   ⊗ _   ( π ± ) 0 ( π + ⊗ π − )   ⊗ _   π − = ( π ± ) 0   ⊗ _   π − ;   ( π − ⊗ π + )   ⊗ _   π − = ( π ± ) 0   ⊗ _   π − ( π − ⊗ π − )   ⊗ _   π − ⇔ component at repulsive action

The components expressing an interpenetration between neutral pion (π^±)⁰ and charged pion (π^±) have a zero value of mass defect. Only the two charged components have a negative mass defect. Therefore, the B₁₂-component has a final negative value of mass defect: Δm(B₁₂) < 0. We need calculating the numerical value of Δm(B₁₂), which, now, is:

Δ m ( B 12 ) = Δ m ( [ ( π a + ⊗ π b + )   ⊗ _   π c + ] r e p ⊕ [ ( π a − ⊗ π b − )   ⊗ _   π c − ] r e p ) (14)

In B₁₂-component there is an interaction (Å) between the three interpenetrated pions (π⁺) and the three interpenetrated pions π⁻; therefore, there is also a partial interaction between ( π c + ) and ( π c − ) : ( π c + ) ⊗ ( π c − ) .

The same happens between the two pairs [ ( π a + ⊗ π b + ) ↔ ( π a − ⊗ π b − ) ] of Equation (14); it follows: [ ( π a + ⊗ π b + ) ⊕ ( π a − ⊗ π b − ) ] .

Therefore, we could exchange the terms of equation (see Table 3):

Δ m ( B 12 ) = Δ m ( [ ( π a + ⊗ π b + )   ⊗ _   π c + ] r e p ⊕ [ ( π a − ⊗ π b − )   ⊗ _   π c − ] r e p ) ( 1 ) = Δ m r e p ( [ ( π a + ⊗ π b + ) ⊕ ( π a − ⊗ π b − ) ] B 1   ⊗ _   [ ( π c + ⊕ π c − ) ] B 2 ) ( 2 ) = Δ m r e p ( [ ( π a + ⊗ π b + ) ⊕ ( π a − ⊗ π b − ) ] B 1   ⊗ _   ( π r c 0 ) B 2 ) ( 3 )

Besides, note that the B₂-component [ ( π c + ⊕ π c − ) = π r 0 ] is neutral and partially could shield the attractive reciprocal interaction between the two couples ( π a b + ) and ( π a b − ), as also the reciprocal repulsive interaction between the internal pions of each couple: the 3-component expresses just this aspect. To express the shielding action of π r 0 on the B₁-component, we will write the 3-component in the following way:

Δ m ( B 12 ) = Δ m ( [ ( π a + ⊗ π b + ) ⊕ ( π a − ⊗ π b − ) ] B 1   ⊗ _   ( π r c 0 ) B 2 ) ( 3 ) = Δ m ( [ ( π a + ⊗ π b + ) ⊕ ( π a − ⊗ π b − ) ] ( π r 0 ) ) ( 4 ) (15)

By Equation (22-6) in ref. [4], we can have:

Δ m ( [ ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 + ) ⊕ ( π 1 − ⊗ π 2 − ) ] ( π r 0 ) ) = Δ m ( [ ( π 12 + ) ⊕ ( π 12 − ) ] ( π r 0 ) ) (16)

The shielding action of ( π r 0 ) lowers the value of mass defect, see in ref. [4] the Equation (22-6); we conjecture a value of mass defect:

Δ m ( [ ( π 12 + ) ⊕ ( π 12 − ) ] ( π r 0 ) ) = − ( Δ m ( π ) n m ) = − ( ( 4.60 ) 2 2 ) MeV (17)

This, (n = 4), because the neutral molecule ( π r 0 ) is a double particle which acting on two pions: the submultiple of Δm(π) is 2².

Thus, the total (η’)-mass by Equations [(11), (17)] and in ref. [4] the Equations [(22-6), (27)] and omitting (O_Ci) is:

m ( η ′ ) ≈ m ( η ′ ) * − Δ m = { ( 976.99 ) − [ 2 ( 10.35 ) − ( 1.15 ) ] } MeV = ( 957 .44 ) MeV (18)

Here too we obtain un value very close to the experimental one.

Also here we can build (see Table 4) the matrix ‖ A i j ‖ of all couplings between pions which compose the structure equation in η’-meson:

The mass defect is, see the ref. [4] Equation (26):

Δ m ( η ′ ) = [ Δ m ( ( π 1 − ⊗ π 1 + ) ⊕ ) + Δ m ( ( π 2 − ⊗ π 2 + ) ⊕ ) + Δ m ( ( π 3 − ⊗ π 3 + ) ⊕ ) ] G + [ Δ m ( ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 + ) ⊕ ) + Δ m ( ( π 1 − ⊗ π 2 + ) ⊕ ) ] Y + [ Δ m ( ( π 3 − ⊗ π 1 + ) ⊕ ) + Δ m ( ( π 1 − ⊗ π 3 + ) ⊕ ) ] Y + [ Δ m ( ( π 3 − ⊗ π 2 + ) ⊕ ) + Δ m ( ( π 2 − ⊗ π 3 + ) ⊕ ) ] Y

  − [ Δ m ( ( π 2 + ⊗ π 1 + ) ⊕ ) + Δ m ( ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 − ) ⊕ ) ] B   − [ Δ m ( ( π 3 + ⊗ π 1 + ) ⊕ ) + Δ m ( ( π 3 − ⊗ π 1 − ) ⊕ ) ] B   − [ Δ m ( ( π 3 + ⊗ π 2 + ) ⊕ ) + Δ m ( ( π 3 − ⊗ π 2 − ) ⊕ ) ] B   − [ Δ m ( ( π i ± ⊗ π i ± ) ⊕ ) ] R

Δ m ( η ′ ) = { [ 3 ( 4 .6 ) ( i , i ) G + 6 ( 2.3 ) ( i , j ) Y ] ( ± , ∓ ) − [ 6 ( 1.15 ) ( i , j ) B + ( 1.15 ) ( i , i ) R ( ± , ± ) ] } MeV = ( 19 .55 ) MeV (19)

Obtaining the same value of mass defect of that Equation (18). As already find, also here we will have: m ( η ′ ) ≈ m ( η ′ ) * − Δ m = { ( 976.99 ) − ( 19.55 ) } MeV = ( 957 .44 ) MeV

The most probable decays [11] are (see also structure Equation (7)):

[ η ′ → η + ( π + + π − ) ] ( 43 % ) , [ η ′ → η + ( π 0 + π 0 ) ] ( 23 % ) ,

[ η ′ → ρ + γ ] ( 30 % ) , [ η ′ → ω + γ ] ( 4 % )

Moreover, other decays are possible (see more forward) for available energy.

Note the spins of (η, η’) are at zero values: [ s ( η ) = 0 , s ( η ′ ) = 0 ] . This result

derives from the zero value of the spin [3] [4] of a molecule of pions: [ s ( π + ) + s ( π − ) = 0 ]

Recall the interpenetration of two triangular structure (see the pion) has spin zero because the relative rotations in interpenetration are always opposites [3].

If we consider the superposition of two η-meson, as η’-meson, we have:

η ″ = { [ η * ] ⊗ [ η * ] } = [ ( π 0 ) r ⊗ ( π 0 ) r ] ⊗ [ ( π 0 ) r ⊗ ( π 0 ) r ]

Moreover, if we calculate the partial mass, then one finds the following value m = (1954.00) MeV, which is next to f₂-meson.

ρ-meson (775.26 MeV)

Note, generally, the existence of light mesons implies the presence of a background lattice of pion molecules {(π⁰)_r}. Nevertheless, this π-lattice, in turn, is built on another “primary” lattice {d, d}, as now we will show. This lattice can be important for binding more molecules of pions. Not only that, but we could think the presence of these lattices {d, d} and of molecules {(π⁰)_r} is connected to the “hadronization process” in strong interactions. The external energy flows into a hadron and “immediately” transformed, through these lattices, into further hadrons. In the same way, these lattices can also participate in building the more massive hadrons. Then we think that resonance states involve a “primary” background lattice {d, d}. In fact, into structure the ρ-meson we add the pair (d, d)_π and so having:

ρ = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ ( 2 π + ⊕ π r 0 ) B 1 ⊗ ( 2 π − ⊕ π r 0 ) B 2 ] A } (20)

where (π⁰)_r is the pion molecule and [ ( d , d _ ) π = ( d ⊗ d _ ) π ] is the pair of d_π-quark. Note that, see Equation (2) and Table 2:

m ( d ⊗ d _ ) π = 〈 m ( d , d _ ) π 〉 = [ m ( d π ) + m ( d _ π ) 2 ] = m ( d π )

Besides the multiplicative number (2) in B_i-component becomes a multiplicative factor in F_m-function, see η’-meson and the 9_(Å)-property in Table 3:

[ 2 π ± ≡ 2 ( π 1 ± ⊗ π 2 ± ) ]

We develop the structure equation:

ρ = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ ( 2 π + ⊕ π r 0 ) B 1 ⊗ ( 2 π − ⊕ π r 0 ) B 2 ] } = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π r 2 0 ) A 2           ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) A 3 ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ π r 2 0 ) A 4 ] B } (21)

where [ 2 π + ⊗ 2 π − = 4 ( π + ⊗ π − ) ] , see the 10_Ä-property in Table 3. We apply the F_m function:

m ( ρ ) = F m ( [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) ⊕ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π r 2 0 )     ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ π r 2 0 ) ] B } ) = F m ( [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ 4 ( π ± ) 12 0 ⊕ 2 ( 2 π ± ⊗ π r 0 ) 12 ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ π r 2 0 ) ] B } ) = F m ( { [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ 4 ( π ± ) 12 0 ] A 1 ⊕ [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ 2 ( 2 π ± ⊗ π r 0 ) 12 ] A 2       ⊕ [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ π r 2 0 ) ] A 3 } ) (22)

where [ ( π + ⊗ π − ) ≡ ( π ± ) 0 ] and (see 4-property in Table 3); the partial mass is:

m ( ρ ) = m { [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ 4 ( π ± ) 12 0 ] A 1 ⊕ [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ 2 ( 2 π ± ⊗ π r 0 ) 12 ] A 2     ⊕ [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ ( π r 0 ⊗ π r 0 ) ] A 3 } = { 〈 m ( ( d , d _ ) , 4 ( π ± ) 0 ) 〉 + 〈 m ( ( d , d _ ) ,   2 ( 2 π ± ⊗ π r 0 ) ) 〉       + 〈 m ( ( d , d _ ) , ( π r 0 ⊗ π r 0 ) ) 〉 }

= [ m ( d ) + 4 m ( 〈 ( π ± ) 0 〉 ) 2 + m ( d ) + 2 m ( 〈 2 π ± ,   π r 0 〉 ) 2 + m ( d ) + m ( 〈 π r 0 , π r 0 〉 ) 2 ] = 3 2 m ( d ) + 2 m ( π ± ) + [ m ( π ± ) + 1 2 m ( π r 0 ) ] + 1 2 m ( π r 0 ) = 3 2 m ( d ) + 3 m ( π ± ) + m ( π r 0 ) (23)

Its partial mass value is:

m ( ρ ) * = 3 2 m ( d ) + 3 m ( π ± ) + m ( π r 0 ) = [ 3 2 ( 86.26 ) + 3 ( 139.57 ) + 2 ( 139.57 ) ] MeV = ( 827 .24 ) MeV (24)

About mass defect by Equation (20) we have:

Δ m ( ρ ) ( d , d _ ) = F Δ m { ( d , d _ ) ⊗ [ ( 2 π + ⊕ π r 0 ) 1 ⊗ ( 2 π − ⊕ π r 0 ) 2 ] A } = F Δ m { [ ( 2 π + ⊕ π r 0 ) 1 ⊗ ( 2 π − ⊕ π r 0 ) 2 ] ( d , d _ ) } = F Δ m { [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π r 2 0 ) A 2     ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) A 3 ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ π r 2 0 ) A 4 ] B } ( d , d _ ) (25)

where [ ( d , d _ ) ⊗ A = A ( d , d _ ) ] , see Equation (16). Processing the mass defect one obtains:

Δ m ( ρ ) ( d , d _ ) = F Δ m { [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π r 2 0 ) A 2       ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) A 3 ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ π r 2 0 ) A 4 ] B } ( d , d _ ) = { Δ m ( A 1 ) + Δ m ( A 2 ) + Δ m ( A 3 ) + Δ m ( A 4 ) + Δ m ( A 12 )     + Δ m ( A 13 ) + Δ m ( A 14 ) + Δ m ( A 23 ) + Δ m ( A 24 ) + Δ m ( A 34 ) } ( d , d _ ) (26)

In a specific way, it is: [ Δ m ( A 1 ) = 0 , Δ m ( A 4 ) = 0 ] .

Here we cannot pose [ ( π r 0 ⊗ π r 0 ) = η ] and to have (Δm(η) ¹ 0), because η-meson do not belong to structure equation. Besides, by 5-property in Table 2.

Δ m ( A 2 ) + Δ m ( A 3 ) = Δ m ( ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π r 2 0 ) A 2 ) + Δ m ( ( π r 1 0 ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) A 3 ) = Δ m ( ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ ( π 2 + ⊕ π 2 − ) ) A 2 ) + Δ m ( ( 2 π 2 − ⊗ ( π 1 + ⊕ π 1 − ) ) A 3 ) = Δ m ( [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π 2 + ) ⊕ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) ] A 2 ) + Δ m ( [ ( 2 π 2 − ⊗ π 1 + ) ⊕ ( 2 π 2 − ⊗ π 1 − ) ] A 3 ) A 3

= 4 Δ m ( [ ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 + ) ⊕ ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) ] A 2 ) + 4 Δ m ( [ ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 + ) ⊕ ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 − ) ] A 3 ) = [ 4 ( 1.15 ) + 4 ( 1.15 ) ] MeV

By 5-property in Table 2 we will have:

Δ m ( A 12 ) + Δ m ( A 13 ) = Δ m ( [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π r 2 0 ) A 2 ] ) A 12         + Δ m ( [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) A 3 ] ) A 13 = Δ m ( [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π 2 + ) A ′ 1 ⊕ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A ′ 2 ] A 2 ] ) A 12         + Δ m ( [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ [ [ ( 2 π 2 − ⊗ π 1 + ) A ″ 1 ⊕ ( 2 π 2 − ⊗ π 1 − ) A ″ 2 ] ] A 3 ] ) A 13

= Δ m ( [ 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ [ 2 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 + ) A ′ 1 ] A 2 ] ) A 12         + Δ m ( [ 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ [ 2 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A ′ 2 ] A 2 ] ) A 12         + Δ m ( [ 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ [ 2 ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 + ) A ″ 1 ] A 3 ] ) A 13         + Δ m ( [ 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ [ 2 ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 − ) A ″ 2 ] A 3 ] ) A 13

= 8 Δ m ( [ ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 + ) A 2 ] ) A 12         + 8 Δ m ( [ ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 2 ] ) A 12         + 8 Δ m ( [ ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 + ) A 3 ] ) A 13         + 8 Δ m ( [ ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 − ) A 3 ] ) A 13 = 32 ( 1.15 ) MeV

Note [ Δ m ( A 12 ) = Δ m ( A 13 ) ] ; once more by 6-property in Table 2, it follows:

Δ m ( [ 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ [ 2 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 + ) A ′ 1 ] A 2 ] ) A 12   + Δ m ( [ 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ [ 2 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A ′ 2 ] A 2 ] ) A 12   + Δ m ( [ 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ [ 2 ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 + ) A ″ 1 ] A 3 ] ) A 13   + Δ m ( [ 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ [ 2 ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 − ) A ″ 2 ] A 3 ] ) A 13

= Δ m ( 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ { 2 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 + ) + 2 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − )             + 2 ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 + ) + 2 ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 − ) } A 23 ) = Δ m ( 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ { [ 2 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 + ) + 2 ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 − ) ]             + [ 2 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) + 2 ( π 2 − ⊗ π 1 + ) ] } A 23 ) = Δ m ( 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ { [ 4 ( π 12 ± ⊗ π 12 ± ) ] + [ 4 ( π 1 ± ⊗ π 2 ∓ ) ] } A ′ 2 )

Thus the only component A ′ 2 represents two components (A₂, A₃):

A ′ 2 = ( A 2 + A 3 ) = ( [ 4 ( π 12 ± ⊗ π 12 ± ) ] + [ 4 ( π 1 ± ⊗ π 2 ∓ ) ] A ′ 2 )

Then, by 3-property in Table 2, it follows:

Δ m ( A 24 ) + Δ m ( A 34 ) = Δ m ( A ′ 2 ⊕ A 4 ) = Δ m ( A ′ 24 ) = F Δ m { [ { [ 4 ( π 12 ± ⊗ π 12 ± ) ] + [ 4 ( π 1 ± ⊗ π 2 ∓ ) ] } A ′ 2 ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ π r 2 0 ) A 4 ] B } = F Δ m { [ 4 ( π 12 ± ⊗ π 12 ± ) ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ π r 2 0 ) ] B }       + F Δ m { [ [ 4 ( π 1 ± ⊗ π 2 ∓ ) ] A ′ 2 ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ π r 2 0 ) A 4 ] B } = F Δ m { [ 4 ( π 12 ± ⊗ π 12 ± ) ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ) ] B } + F Δ m { [ 4 ( π 12 ± ⊗ π 12 ± ) ⊕ ( π r 2 0 ) ] B }

      + F Δ m { [ [ 4 ( π 1 ± ⊗ π 2 ∓ ) ] A ′ 2 ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ) ] B } + F Δ m { [ [ 4 ( π 1 ± ⊗ π 2 ∓ ) ] A ′ 2 ⊕ ( π r 2 0 ) A 4 ] B } = F Δ m { [ 4 ( π 12 ± ⊗ π 12 ± ) ⊕ ( π 1 + ⊕ π 1 − ) ] B } + F Δ m { [ 4 ( π 12 ± ⊗ π 12 ± ) ⊕ ( π 2 + ⊕ π 2 − ) ] B }       + F Δ m { [ [ 4 ( π 1 ± ⊗ π 2 ∓ ) ] A ′ 2 ⊕ ( π 1 + ⊕ π 1 − ) ] B }       + F Δ m { [ [ 4 ( π 1 ± ⊗ π 2 ∓ ) ] A ′ 2 ⊕ ( π 2 + ⊕ π 2 − ) ] B } = 16 ( 2.30 ) MeV q

The A₁₄-component is:

Δ m ( A 14 ) = Δ m ( { 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) A 1 ⊕ _ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ π r 2 0 ) A 4 } A 14 ) = Δ m ( { 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) ⊕ ( π r 1 0 ) } A 14 ) + Δ m ( { 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) ⊕ ( π r 2 0 ) } A 13 ) = Δ m ( { 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) ⊕ ( π 1 + ⊕ π 1 − ) } A 13 )       + Δ m ( { 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) ⊕ ( π 2 + ⊕ π 2 − ) } A 13 ) = [ 4 ( 2.30 ) + 4 ( 2.30 ) ] MeV

where we have used once more by 4-property in Table 2. Besides, always using the Equations (15) and (17), see also Table 3:

Δ m ( A 23 ) = Δ m ( [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ ( π r 0 ) 2 )   ⊕ _   ( ( π r 0 ) 1 ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) ] A 23 ) = Δ m ( [ ( ( π r 0 ) 2 ⊗ 2 π 1 + )   ⊕ _   ( ( π r 0 ) 1 ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) ] A 23 ) = Δ m ( [ ( ( π r 0 ) 1 ⊗ 2 π 1 + )   ⊕ _   ( ( π r 0 ) 2 ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) ] A 23 ) = Δ m ( ( π r 0 ) 12 ⊗ [ ( 2 π 1 + )   ⊕ _   ( 2 π 2 − ) ] A 23 ) = 4 Δ m ( [ ( π 1 + ⊕ π 2 − ) π r 0 ] A 23 ) = 4 ( 4.6 / 4 ) MeV = ( 4.6 ) MeV

where we have exchanged [ ( π r 0 ) 1 ↔ ( π r 0 ) 2 ] because of the dynamic interactions in couplings not change; besides, we need admitting that the neutral π r 0 -component shields the dynamics coupling between two charged pions. The shielding lowers the value of mass defect of the A₂₃-component of (1/4). It so follows:

Δ m ( ρ ) = Δ m ( A 1 ) + [ Δ m ( A 2 ) + Δ m ( A 3 ) + Δ m ( A 23 ) ]     + Δ m ( A 4 ) + Δ m ( A 12 ) + Δ m ( A 13 ) + Δ m ( A 14 ) + Δ m ( A 234 ) = [ ( 0 ) A 1 + [ 8 ( 1.15 ) ] ( A 2 + A 3 ) + ( 0 ) A 4 + 32 ( 1.15 ) ( A 12 + A 13 )     + ( 4.6 ) A 23 + 16 ( 2.30 ) ( A 24 + A 34 ) + 8 ( 2.30 ) A 14 ] MeV ≈ ( 105 .8 ) MeV

In A_i-component the (d Ä d) could shield the electromagnetic interaction between two charged pions; see the Equations (15) and (17), then we can have

Δ m ( ρ ) ( d , d _ ) ≈ ( 105.8 / 2 ) MeV = ( 52.9 ) MeV

The presence of shielding neutral pair (d Ä d)_π instead of charged pions (π^±) leads us to conjecture, see Equations (32) and (46):

{ Δ m ( ( d , d _ ) ⊗ [ ( π + ⊗ π − ) ⊕ ( π − ⊗ π + ) ] ) = Δ m ( [ ( π + ⊗ π − ) ( d , d _ ) ⊕ ( π − ⊗ π + ) ( d , d _ ) ] ) = [ ( 1.15 ) 2 ] MeV Δ m ( ( d , d _ ) ⊗ [ ( π + ⊗ π − ) ⊕ ( π − ⊕ π + ) ] ) = Δ m ( [ ( π + ⊗ π − ) ( d , d _ ) ⊕ ( π − ⊕ π + ) ( d , d _ ) ] ) = [ ( 2.30 ) 2 ] MeV Δ m ( ( d , d _ ) ⊗ ( π + ⊕ π − ) ) = Δ m ( ( π + ⊕ π − ) ( d , d _ ) ) = [ ( 4.59 ) 2 ] MeV } (27)

Note that the interpenetration between the pair (d Ä d)_π and pions (π^±) lows the values (see in ref. [4] the Equation (22)), we suppose that the values are halve because the neutral pair (d, d) partially shields the electrodynamics interactions between pions. Recall the neutral pion is composed by two pairs [(u, u), (d, d)]: this determines that the neutral pion shields more than the pair (d, d).

Then, we will have in ρ-meson: Δ m ( ρ ) ( d , d _ ) ≈ ( 105.8 / 2 ) MeV = ( 52.9 ) MeV

Finally:

m ( ρ ) ≈ [ ( 827.24 ) MeV − ( 52.9 ) MeV ] = ( 774.34 ) MeV (28)

Besides, see the ref. [4] in Table 4, if we consider the missing mass defects in Equation (3) (the terms of superior degree at II˚), then we will have: [ ( O Δ m ) ( > II ° ) = ( 1.15 ) MeV ] . Then, we obtain so:

m ( ρ 0 ) = m ( ρ 0 ) * − Δ m ( ρ 0 ) − O Δ m = ( 775 .49 ) MeV (29)

Very next to the experimental value [11]. We elaborate on the structural equation of ρ-meson, see Equation (21), in the following way:

{ [ ( 2 π + ⊕ π r 0 ) B 1 ⊗ ( 2 π − ⊕ π r 0 ) B 2 ] } = { [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 1 − ) A 1 ⊕ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π r 2 0 ) A 2 ⊕ ( π r 3 0 ⊗ 2 π 1 − ) A 3 ⊕ ( π r 2 0 ⊗ π r 3 0 ) A 4 ] } = { [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ ( π 2 + ⊕ π 2 − ) ) A 2 ⊕ ( 2 π 1 − ⊗ ( π 3 + ⊕ π 3 − ) ) A 3 ] } ⊕ { [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 1 − ) A 1 ⊕ ( ( π 2 + ⊕ π 2 − ) ⊗ ( π 3 + ⊕ π 3 − ) ) A 4 ] } = { [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π 2 + ) ⊕ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) ] A 2 ⊕ [ ( 2 π 1 − ⊗ π 3 + ) ⊕ ( 2 π 1 − ⊗ π 3 − ) ] A 3 } ⊕ { [ 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 1 − ) A 1 ⊕ ( ( π 2 + ⊕ π 2 − ) ⊗ ( π 3 + ⊕ π 3 − ) ) A 4 ] }

By this structure, we build, see Table 5, the matrix ‖ A i j ‖ of all couplings between pions which compose the structure equation in ρ-meson:

However, we must not forget the presence of the pair (d, d) in structural equation. The presence of this pair has a double effect:

1) as we have already seen, the pair act as a shield between the interactions of pions

2) it makes the interactions no-commutative between two pions

[ ( ( π i ⊗ π j ) ⊕ ) ≠ ( ( π j ⊗ π i ) ⊕ ) ] .

This last aspect pushes us to consider all elements of matrix ‖ A i j ‖ : in the calculations, it is necessary to double the numerical values. Then we can use the following matrix, see Table 6:

The mass defect will be:

Δ m ( ρ * ) = ∑ ( ( i , j ) ∈ ‖ A i j ‖ ) Δ m ( π i ⊗ π j ) ⊕

Then we will have:

Δ m ( ρ ) = [ 18 ( 4.6 ) ( i , i ) G + 16 ( 2.3 ) ( 1 , 2 ) Y + 2 ( 2.3 ) ( 2 , 3 ) Y − 18 ( 1.15 ) ( ± , ± ) B − ( 1.15 ) R ] MeV                       = ( 102 .35 ) MeV Δ m ( ρ ) ( d , d _ ) = ( 51 .18 ) MeV m ( ρ ) = ( 827.24 ) MeV − ( 51 .18 ) MeV = ( 776 .06 ) MeV

Here too it is necessary consider the [ ( O Δ m ) ( d , d _ ) = ( 1.15 ) MeV ] , we obtain so:

m ( ρ 0 ) = m ( ρ 0 ) * − Δ m ( ρ 0 ) − O Δ m = ( 775.76 ) MeV (30)

There is another possibility in combinations between basic pions of lattice { π r 0 } : a charged pion ( π ± ) can interpenetrate a molecule π r 0 : [ π ± → π r 0 ].

We have two possibilities: ρ + = [ ( π + ⊗ π − ) ⊕ π + ] , ρ − = [ ( π − ⊗ π + ) ⊕ π − ] .

Then one can have: π r ± = [ π + ⊕ ( π − ⊗ π ± ) ] . So, it is possible having:

ρ ± = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ ( 2 π + ⊕ π r 0 ) B 1 ⊗ ( 2 π − ⊕ π r ± ) B 2 ] A } = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ 4 ( π + ⊗ π − ) ⊕ ( 2 π + ⊗ π r ± ) ⊕ ( π r 0 ⊗ 2 π − ) ⊕ ( π r 0 ⊗ π r ± ) ] B } = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ 4 ( π ± ) 0 ⊕ ( 2 π + ⊗ π r ± ) ⊕ ( π r 0 ⊗ 2 π − ) ⊕ ( π r 0 ⊗ π r ± ) ] B } = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ 4 ( π ± ) 0 ⊕ ( 2 π + ⊗ π r ± ) ⊕ ( 2 π − ⊗ π r 0 ) ⊕ ( π r 0 ⊗ π r ± ) ] B } (31)

Note that:

m ( π r ± ) = m ( [ π + ⊕ ( π − ⊗ π ± ) ] ) = m ( π + ) + m ( 〈 π + , π ± 〉 ) = m ( π + ) + ( m ( π + ) + m ( π ± ) 2 ) = 2 m ( π + ) = m ( π r 0 )

Appling the F_m with this relation, it is:

F m ( ρ ± ) = F m ( [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ [ 4 ( π ± ) 0 ⊕ ( 2 π + ⊗ π r ± ) ⊕ ( 2 π − ⊗ π r 0 ) ⊕ ( π r 0 ⊗ π r ± ) ] B ) = F m ( [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ [ 4 ( π ± ) 0 ⊕ 2 ( 2 π ± ⊗ π _ r ± ) ⊕ ( π r 0 ⊗ π r ± ) ] B ) ≡ F m ( { [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ 4 ( π ± ) 12 0 ] A 1 ⊕ [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ 2 ( 2 π ± ⊗ π _ r ± ) 12 ] A 2             ⊕ [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ ( π r 1 0 ⊗ π r ± ) ] A 3 } ) (32)

where F m ( π _ r ± ) ≡ F m ( π r ± ) ≡ F m ( π r 0 ) . This equation is equal to Equation (22), because m ( π r ± ) = m ( π r 0 ) . It follows partial masses are equal: m * ( ρ ± ) = m * ( ρ 0 ) . Thus we have: m ( ρ ± ) * = ( 827 .24 ) MeV .

Note that the structure equations are different only in the interpenetration of π^± with a charged pion π⁻ of the structure; therefore, an eventual mass defect could be only in this interpenetration:

{ ρ + ↔ [ ( π + ⊗ π − ) ⊕ π + ]       or       ρ − ↔ [ ( π − ⊗ π + ) ⊕ π − ] } ↔ { ρ ± ↔ [ ( π ± ⊗ π ∓ ) ⊕ π ± ] }

In Equation (26) we admitted Δm(A₄) = 0 with [ A 4 = ( π r 0 ) ⊗ ( π r 0 ) ] , now we have [ ( A 4 ) ± = ( π r 0 ⊗ π r ± ) ] ; therefore, we will have:

Δ m ( A 4 ) ( d , d _ ) = F Δ m ( [ ( π r 0 ⊗ π r ± ) ] A 4 ) ( d , d _ ) = F Δ m ( { ( π + ⊕ π − ) ⊗ [ ( π ± ⊗ π ∓ ) ⊕ π ± ] } A 4 ) ( d , d _ ) = F Δ m ( ( π + ⊕ π − ) ) ( d , d _ ) + F Δ m ( [ ( π ± ⊗ π ∓ ) ⊕ π ± ] ) ( d , d _ ) + O ′ Δ m = ( 1 2 ) F Δ m ( ( π + ⊕ π − ) ) + ( 1 2 ) F Δ m ( [ ( π ± ⊕ π ∓ ) ⊗ π ± ] ) + O ′ Δ m

= ( 1 2 ) F Δ m ( ( π + ⊕ π − ) ) + ( 1 2 ) F Δ m ( [ ( π ± ⊕ π ∓ ) π ± ] ) + O ′ Δ m = { ( 1 2 ) ( 4.60 ) MeV + ( 1 2 ) [ − ( 4.60 / 2 ) ] MeV } + O ′ Δ m = ( 1.15 ) MeV + O ′ Δ m (33)

The value (−4, 6/2) is due to anti-shield of subscript π^±. We calculate O ′ Δ m

O ′ Δ m = F Δ m ( { ( π + ⊕ π − ) ⊗ _ [ ( π ± ⊗ π ∓ ) ⊕ π ± ] } A 4 ) ( d , d _ ) = F Δ m ( { ( π + ⊕ π − )   ⊗ _   [ ( π ± ⊕ π ∓ ) π ± ] } ) ( d , d _ ) = F Δ m ( [ ( π + ⊕ π − )   ⊗ _   ( π ± ⊕ π ∓ ) π ± ] ) ( d , d _ ) = F Δ m ( [ ( π ± ⊕ π ∓ ) π ± ] ) ( d , d _ ) = ( 1 2 ) ( 4.60 ) π ± MeV = + ( 1 2 ) [ − ( 4.60 / 2 ) ] MeV = − ( 1.15 ) MeV

It follows: m ( ρ ± ) = m ( ρ ± ) * − Δ m ( ρ ± ) − O Δ m = ( 775.76 ) MeV .

So we obtain (for ρ^±) the same result (the mass defect) of ρ⁰-meson. In this way, it could be here a perfect symmetry between ρ^± and ρ⁰.

In this quarks’ model, one could so obtain the mass symmetry in the triplet (ρ^±, ρ⁰), inside the experimental approximation. Besides, these procedures show correctly the existence of d-quark lattice or {d, d} where mesons are immersed, see the neutral molecule of pions. By structure equation, we have the following decay:

ρ = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ ( 2 π + ⊕ π r 0 ) B 1 ⊗ ( 2 π − ⊕ π r 0 ) B 2 ] A } with ( ρ 0 ) → ( π + + π − )

ρ ± = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ ( 2 π + ⊕ π r 0 ) B 1 ⊗ ( 2 π − ⊕ π r ± ) B 2 ] A } with ( ρ ± ) → ( π ± + π 0 )

This because [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ π r 0 ] ↔ ( π 0 ) and [ π r 0 = ( π + ⊕ π − ) ]

A second channel, with η-meson ( π r 0 ⊗ π r 0 ) , could be [ ρ → η + γ ] , where the (γ) is originated by (d, d), and another [ ρ → η + π ] , but they have low probability » (10)⁻⁴. With high probability, there is only the first channel: in fact, the ρ-meson decays in two pions, see ref. [11]. Spin of (ρ^±, ρ⁰), see structure equation, is given by couple (d, d) because the system [(η) Å (π^±)] has zero spin while the pair (d, d) being potentially a (matter-antimatter) pair shows a spin (s = 1) in correspondence to the virtual γ-photon:

S ( ρ ± ) = S ( d , d _ ) γ + [ S ( η ) + S ( π ± ) ] = S ( γ v ) = 1 .

where (γ_v) is virtual photon because of binding energy. Therefore ρ-mesons show a spin: [s = +1]. Note the ρ-mesons are vectorial mesons. Also in ρ^± meson, we treat an individual interaction between each pion (π_i) with other pions (π_j), [ ( π i ± ⊗ π j ± ) ⊕ ] , where we can consider that

Δ m ( A 12 ) = Δ m ( A 13 ) = Δ m ( A 14 ) = Δ m ( A 23 ) = Δ m ( A 24 ) = Δ m ( A 34 ) = 0

We elaborate the structure equation of ρ-meson, see Equation (21):

ρ ± = { [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π 2 + ) ⊕ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) ] ⊕ [ ( 2 π 1 − ⊗ π 3 + ) ⊕ ( 2 π 1 − ⊗ π 3 − ) ] } ⊕ { [ 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 1 − ) ⊕ ( ( π 2 + ⊕ π 2 − ) ⊗ ( π 3 ± ⊕ ( π 3 ∓ ⊗ π 4 ± ) ) ) ] } (34)

Note { ρ + ↔ [ ( π + ⊗ π − ) ⊕ π + ]       or       ρ − ↔ [ ( π − ⊗ π + ) ⊕ π − ] } ↔ { ρ ± ↔ [ ( π ± ⊗ π ∓ ) ⊕ π ± ] }

with

( π 3 ± ⊕ ( π 3 ∓ ⊗ π 4 ± ) ) = ( ( π 3 ± ⊕ π 3 ∓ ) π 4 ± )

The subscript π 4 ± lows the mass defect between the two pion ( π ± ⊕ π ∓ ) :

Δ m [ ( π ± ⊕ π ∓ ) π 4 ± = ( 2.3 ) MeV ]

Then we need to have a symmetric matrix; it follows, processing Table 7, that:

The mass defect is:

Δ m ( ρ ± ) = [ 17 ( 4.6 ) ( i , i ) G + ( 4.6 / 4 ) ( π 4 0 ) G + 8 ( 2.3 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Y + 10 ( 2.3 / 2 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Y                               − 8 ( 1.15 ) ( ± , ± ) B + 10 ( 1.15 / 2 ) ( ± , ± ) B − 2 ( 1.15 ) 33 R ] MeV                         = ( 105.25 ) MeV Δ m ( ρ ± ) ( d , d _ ) = ( 52.63 ) MeV m ( ρ ± ) = ( 827.24 ) MeV − ( 53.20 ) MeV = ( 774.61 ) MeV

Besides, if we consider, as it is in the neutral ρ-meson, the term of the mass defects O ′ Δ m , with [ ( O Δ m ) d , d _ = − ( 1.15 ) MeV ] , this because ρ^±-meson has an electric charge (see its structure equation). So we will have:

m ( ρ ± ) − ( 1.15 ) MeV = [ ( 774 .61 ) + ( 1.15 ) ] MeV = ( 775.76 ) MeV

Here too, we obtain the symmetry between (ρ^±, ρ⁰).

ω-meson (782.7 MeV)

Further proof of existence of lattices {d, d} and {π⁰} is in the neutral ω-meson which could be defined by the connection:

ω = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ ( 2 π + ⊕ 2 π 0 ) ⊗ ( 2 π − ⊕ 2 π 0 ) ] } .

We have:

ω = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊕ 2 π 1 0 ) B 1 ⊗ ( 2 π 2 − ⊕ 2 π 2 0 ) B 2 ] A } = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ 4 ( π 1 + ⊗ π 2 − ) ⊕ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 2 0 )           ⊕ ( 2 π 1 0 ⊗ 2 π 2 − ) ⊕ ( ( 2 π 1 0 ) ⊗ ( 2 π 2 0 ) ) ] B } = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ 4 ( π ± ) 12 0 ⊕ 2 ( 2 π ± ⊗ 2 π 0 ) 12 ⊕ ( 2 π 12 0 ) ] B } = { [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ 4 ( π ± ) 0 ] A 1 ⊕ [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ 2 ( 2 π ± ⊗ 2 π 0 ) ] A 2   ⊕     [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ ( 2 π 12 0 ) ] A 3 } (35)

where we use the 3_Ä-property and 4, in Table 2, in prospective to apply the F_m. In fact, note that

m ( ( 2 π 1 0 ) ⊗ ( 2 π 2 0 ) ) = m ( 〈 ( 2 π 1 0 ) , ( 2 π 2 0 ) 〉 ) = m ( 2 π 1 0 ) + m ( 2 π 1 0 ) 2 = m ( 2 π 1 0 )

The partial mass is:

m ( ω ) * = m { [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ 4 ( π ± ) 0 ] A 1 ⊕ [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ 2 ( 2 π ± ⊗ 2 π 0 ) ] A 2                           ⊕ [ ( d , d _ ) π ⊗ ( 2 π 0 ) ] A 3 } = { 〈 m ( ( d , d _ ) , 4 ( π ± ) 0 ) 〉 + 〈 m ( ( d , d _ ) , 2 ( 2 π ± ⊗ 2 π 0 ) ) 〉 + 〈 m ( ( d , d _ ) , ( 2 π 0 ) ) 〉 } = [ m ( d ) + m ( 4 π ± ) 0 2 + m ( d ) + 2 m ( 〈 2 π ± , 2 π 0 〉 ) 2 + m ( d ) + m ( 2 π 0 ) 2 ]

= 3 2 m ( d ) + 2 m ( π ± ) + m ( π ± ) + m ( π 0 ) + m ( π 0 ) = 3 2 m ( d ) + 3 m ( π ± ) + 2 m ( π 0 ) = 3 2 ( 86.26 ) + 3 ( 139.57 ) + 2 ( 134.97 ) MeV = ( 818 .04 ) MeV (36)

The mass defect can calculate with more facility by matrix ‖ A i j ‖ .

Then we can write the structure equation in the following way:

ω = [ ( d , d _ ) π ] ⊗ { [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊕ 2 π 2 0 ) ⊗ ( 2 π 3 − ⊕ 2 π 4 0 ) ] } = { [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 3 − ) ⊕ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 4 0 ) ⊕ ( 2 π 2 0 ⊗ 2 π 3 − ) ⊕ ( ( 2 π 2 0 ) ⊗ ( 2 π 4 0 ) ) ] } ( d , d _ ) = ( ω B ) ( d , d _ )

where

ω B = { [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 3 − ) ⊕ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 4 0 ) ⊕ ( 2 π 2 0 ⊗ 2 π 3 − ) ⊕ ( ( 2 π 2 0 ) ⊗ ( 2 π 4 0 ) ) ] } = { [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 3 − ) ⊕ 4 ( π 4 0 ) π 1 + ⊕ 4 ( π 2 0 ) π 3 − ⊕ ( ( 2 π 2 0 ) ⊗ ( 2 π 4 0 ) ) ] } = { [ ( 2 π 1 + ⊗ 2 π 3 − ) ⊕ 4 ( π 4 0 + ) ⊕ 4 ( π 2 0 − ) ⊕ ( ( 2 π 2 0 ) ⊗ ( 2 π 4 0 ) ) ] }

Recall that in the calculations it is necessary to double the numerical values, see matrix ‖ A i j ‖ , see Table 8.

We need to consider all elements of the matrix because in interaction with shield particles could be [ ( ( π i ⊗ π j ) ⊕ ) ≠ ( ( π j ⊗ π i ) ⊕ ) ] ; The mass defect is:

Δ m ( ω B ) = [ 8 ( 4.6 ) ( − , + ) + 16 ( 2.3 ) ( ± , 0 ± ) + 8 ( 1.15 ) ( 0 ± , 0 ± ) ] ( G ) MeV                             + [ 32 ( 1.15 ) ( 0 , ± ) + 24 ( 0.58 ) ( 0 , 0 ± ) ] Y MeV                             + [ − 16 ( 2.3 ) ( ± , 0 ± ) − 8 ( 1.15 ) ( 0 − , 0 − ) ] ( B ) MeV + [ ≈ 0 ] R MeV                           = ( 87 .52 ) MeV

Δ m ( ω B ) ( d , d _ ) = ( 43 .76 ) MeV m ( ω ) = ( 827.24 ) MeV − ( 43 .76 ) MeV = ( 783 .48 ) MeV

The mass defect in the elements in red is almost zero for the presence of neutral pions which shield the repulsive actions. If we consider O_Δm will be:

m ( ω ) = m * ( ω ) − O Δ m = ( 783.48 ) MeV − ( 1.15 ) MeV = ( 782.33 ) MeV (37)

In perfect accord with experimental value [11]. The most probable decay (see structure equation) can be:

ω → [ π + + π − + π 0 ] 90 % ; ω → [ π 0 + γ ] 8 % ; ω → [ π + + π − ] 2 %

Here, the photon (γ) is originated by lattice {d, d}. Spin of (ω), see structure equation, is given by couple (d, d) which shows a spin(s = 1), because potentially it is in correspondence to the virtual γ-photon: S ( ω ) = S ( d , d _ ) γ = S ( γ v ) = 1

Therefore ω-mesons is vectorial mesons (J^p = 1⁻). To think to particles made of quarks in interpenetration with lattices {π⁰}, the pair{d, d} can induce us to see the mesons with a structure more articulated or “molecules” of quarks.

ϕ -meson (1019.41 MeV)

Another meson with by lattice {π⁰} is the ϕ -meson: ϕ 0 = { [ ( d , d _ ) ⊗ ( 2 π 0 ⊕ η ) ] ⊕ ( η ) }

Then

ϕ 0 = { [ ( d , d _ ) ⊗ ( 2 π 0 ⊕ η ) ] ⊕ η } = { [ ( ( d , d _ ) ⊗ 2 π 0 ) ⊕ ( ( d , d _ ) ⊗ ( π r 0 ⊗ π r 0 ) η ) ] ⊕ ( π r 0 ⊗ π r 0 ) η } (38)

The partial mass is

m ( ϕ ) * = m ( 〈 ( ( d , d _ ) , 2 π 0 ) 〉 ) + m ( 〈 ( ( d , d _ ) , ( η ) ) 〉 ) + m ( η ) = ( 1 / 2 ) [ 2 m ( d ) + m ( 2 π 0 ) + 3 m ( η ) ] = [ ( 86.26 ) + ( 134.98 ) + ( 821.91 ) ] MeV = ( 1043.15 ) MeV (39)

There could be a mass defect Δ m ( ϕ ) . We adapt the equation

ϕ 0 = { [ ( d , d _ ) ⊗ ( 2 π 0 ⊕ η ) ] ⊕ η } = { [ ( 2 π 0 ⊕ η ) ( d , d _ ) ] ⊕ η } = { [ ( 2 π a 0 ⊕ η c ) ( d , d _ ) ] ⊕ η c } = { [ ( 2 π a 0 ⊕ ( π r d 0 ⊗ π r e 0 ) b ) ( d , d _ ) ] ⊕ ( π r f 0 ⊗ π r g 0 ) c } = { [ ( 2 π a 0 ⊕ ( π r e 0 ) π r d 0 ) ( d , d _ ) ] ⊕ ( π r f 0 ) π r g 0 } = { [ ( 2 ( π 1 + ⊗ _   π 1 − ) b ⊕ ( π 2 + ⊕ π 2 − ) π 0 ) ( d , d _ ) ] ⊕ ( π 3 + ⊕ π 3 − ) π 0 } (40)

The matrix is, see Table 9.

The mass defect will be:

Δ m ( ϕ ) = [ 69 16 ] G ( 4.6 ) MeV + [ 26 8 ] Y ( 2.3 ) MeV     − [ 26 8 ] B ( 1.15 ) MeV − [ ( 1.15 ) ] R MeV = [ 69 + 26 16 ] G ( 4.6 ) MeV − [ 26 8 ] B ( 1.15 ) MeV − [ ( 1.15 ) ] R MeV = [ ( 27.31 ) − ( 3.74 ) − ( 1.15 / 4 ) ] MeV = ( 23.28 ) MeV

Then, the mass is:

m ( ϕ ) = m ( ϕ ) * − Δ m ( ϕ ) = { ( 1043.15 ) − [ ( 23.28 ) ] } MeV / c 2 = ( 1019 .87 ) MeV / c 2 (41)

Spin of ( ϕ ), see structure equation, is given by couple (d, d) because the system { [ ( 2 π 0 ⊕ η ) ] ⊕ ( η ) } has zero spin while the pair (d, d) shows a spin (s = 1) in correspondence to the virtual γ-photon: S ( ρ ± ) = S ( d , d _ ) γ + [ S ( η ) + S ( π ± ) ] = S ( γ v ) = 1 .

Therefore ϕ -mesons show a spin: [s = +1]. Note the ϕ -mesons are vectorial mesons.

If we look with attention the structure equations of mesons, one can deduce a representative spectrum built by pion “quanta” which overlap each other, see the ref. [4]. Looking at structure equation, we can see a meson as constituted by of an integer number of elementary pions. The increasing of mass in mesons is so incorrespondence with an increase in the number of constituent pions. The law of increasing of mass (or of pions) has an intuitive graphics representation, Figure 2.

Where (π⁰) is the neutral pion, while (π⁰)_r is [π⁺ Å π⁻]. We could think to 6-level others mesons as i.e. x = { 3 ( d , d _ ) ⊗ ⋯ [ ( π 0 ) r ⊗ ⋯ ( η ⊕ η ⊕ η ) ] ⋯ } .

By this model, it is possible to calculate all others mesons with higher mass. It needs to think the structure equation, calculating the global mass defect and thus

finding the global mass value. Note the following Table 10 of confronting:

Furthermore, this quarks’ theory allows of calculating the masses of nucleons, as it will be shown in the next study. In essence, a meson is a lattice of quark pairs (see {d, d}, {(π⁰)_r}) and internal gluons {g} of coupling [4].