In this work, we studied the matter of heat transfer by the natural convection for a dissipatable fluid which flows in a tube, its walls composed from porous material, and a mathematical model was constructed, represented by a system of two-dimension non-linear partial differential equations, describing the flow behavior of the fluid through a horizontal tube and the distribution of temperatures inside the tube and under the influence of a vertical magnetic field at the tube level. The resulting differential equations were treated by numerical methods using the alternating directions implicit method (ADI), which is one of the finite differences methods, and in both cases: unsteady state and steady state. And we completed the study of the effect for each of: Prandtl number, Schmidt number, Gratshof number, and Radiation parameter.
The flow and heat transfer of electrically conducting fluid in channels and circular tubes under the effect of a transverse magnetic field occurs in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generators, pumps and flow meters and has applications in nuclear reactors, filtration, geothermal systems and others [
In 2009, Singha studied an analytical solution to the problem of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convection flow of an electrically conducting fluid between two heated parallel plates in the presence of an induced magnetic field [
In 2010, Cooky C., and Omubo-Pepple V., investigated the combined effects of radiative heat transfer and transverse magnetic field on steady flow of an electrically conducting optically thin fluid through a horizontal channel filled with porous medium and non-uniform temperature at walls; they concluded that increasing magnetic field, radiation and porosity parameters reduced the velocity and temperature profiles, and the shear stress at the wall white increasing radiation parameters causes an increase in the magnitude of the rate of heat transfer [
In 2011, Dalia S., and Ioan P., have studied the entropy generation production for a problem of mixed convection flow of a fluid saturated porous medium through an inclined channel with uniform heat walls; he used the analytical results obtained for the velocity and temperature profiles to obtain the entropy production [
In 2012, Sudershan S., Reddy R., and Reddy J., have discussed the effect of radiation and chemical reaction on a free convection MHD flow through a porous medium boundary by vertical surface [
In 2015, Mukhopadhyay S. and Mandal I., studied the numerical solutions for steady MHD mixed convection boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a porous plate in the presence of the velocity and thermal slip; we found the effect of the magnetic field of non-compressible liquid on increasing fluid velocity, which in turn leads to a decrease in the temperature of the liquid [
In 2017, Kumari K. and Gayal M. presented the effect of mass transfer, viscous dissipative and suction parameter on two dimensional steady hydromagnetic viscous fluid flow between two parallel plates in the presence of thermal radiation and we found that velocity, temperature and concentration decrease with increase suction parameter and Reynolds number in addition to the relation among the different quality physicals [
Consider the unsteady flow of a dissipative fluid passing through a long horizontal tube with porous walls, if we assume that the temperature at the two horizontal walls is constant so that T 0 , T 1 represents the lower (upper) walls temperature of horizontal tube with T 1 > T 0 . Let u, v be the velocity components in directions x and y respectively, we assume that all the components in z direction vanish. The magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the x-axis which in the direction of flow and apposite to the y direction as it is illustrated by
The governing continuity, momentum, energy and concentration equations are:
∂ u ∂ x + ∂ v ∂ y = 0 (2.1)
∂ u ∂ t + u ∂ u ∂ x + v ∂ u ∂ y = − 1 ρ ∂ p ∂ x + υ [ ∂ 2 u ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 u ∂ y 2 ] − υ k u (2.2)
∂ v ∂ t + u ∂ v ∂ x + v ∂ v ∂ y = − 1 ρ ∂ p ∂ y + υ [ ∂ 2 v ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 v ∂ y 2 ] + 1 ρ σ B 0 2 v − g β ( T − T 0 ) − g β * ( C − C 0 ) (2.3)
Derive Equation (2.2) with respect to y, and Equation (2.3) with respect to x, and subtract the resulting equations we get:
∂ ∂ t [ ∂ v ∂ x − ∂ u ∂ y ] + [ ∂ ∂ x ( u ∂ v ∂ x + v ∂ v ∂ y ) − ∂ ∂ y ( u ∂ u ∂ x + v ∂ u ∂ y ) ] = υ ∇ 2 [ ∂ v ∂ x − ∂ u ∂ y ] + σ B 0 2 ρ ∂ v ∂ x − g β ∂ T ∂ x − g β * ∂ C ∂ x + υ k ∂ u ∂ y (2.4)
And this called the general motion equation.
∂ T ∂ t + u ∂ T ∂ x + v ∂ T ∂ y = k ∗ ρ C p [ ∂ 2 T ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 T ∂ y 2 ] − 1 ρ C p [ ∂ q ∂ y ] + υ C p [ ( ∂ u ∂ y ) 2 ] (2.5)
By using the Roseland approximations consider the radiative heat flux for optically thick fluid is given by [
q = − ( 4 σ * 3 k 1 ) ∂ T 4 ∂ y (2.6)
where σ * is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and k 1 is the mean absorption coefficient. Assume that the difference in temperature within the flow is sufficiently small such as that T 4 can be expressed as a linear function of the temperature, we expand T 4 in a Taylor’s series about T 1 and neglected higher order terms, thus [
T 4 ≈ − 3 T 1 4 + 4 T 1 3 T (2.7)
Hence the equation of energy Equation (2.5) becomes:
∂ T ∂ t + u ∂ T ∂ x + v ∂ T ∂ y = k * ρ C p ∂ 2 T ∂ x 2 + ( k * ρ C p + 16 σ * T 1 3 3 k 1 ρ C p ) ∂ 2 T ∂ y 2 + υ C p [ ( ∂ u ∂ y ) 2 ] (2.8)
∂ C ∂ t + u ∂ C ∂ x + v ∂ C ∂ y = D [ ∂ 2 C ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 C ∂ y 2 ] (2.9)
where u, v are the velocity component in x and y directions respectively, t is the time and T , C , ρ , υ , p , σ , B 0 , g , k , k * , C p , q are the temperature, concentration, density, kinematic viscosity, pressure, electrical conductivity, Boltzmann number, gravitational acceleration, permeability of medium, thermal conductivity, specific heat with constant pressure, radiation flux respectively.
The following boundary conditions of the Problem given by:
u = v = 0 T = T 0 , T 1 C = C 0 , C 1 } at y = 0 , d (2.10)
Let us introduce the following similarity transformation [
X = x d , Y = y d , U = u d υ G r , V = v d υ G r , τ = t υ G r d 2 Θ = T − T 0 T 1 − T 0 , ϕ = C − C 0 C 1 − C 0 } (2.11)
And non-dimensional parameters:
M = B 0 h ( σ μ ) 1 2 , α = k * ρ C p , R = 3 k * k 1 + 16 σ * T 1 3 3 k 1 μ C p N = υ h 2 Δ T , S c = υ D , D a = k h 2 , P r = υ α G r = g β h 3 ( T 1 − T 0 ) υ 2 , G r * = g β * h 3 ( C 1 − C 0 ) υ 2 , ϵ = υ C p } (2.12)
where M is Hartmann number, α is Thermal diffusion, R is Radiation coefficient, N is new physical quantity, Sc is Schmidt number, Da is Darcy number, Pr is Prandtl number, Gr is Gratshof number for heat transfer, G r * is Gratshof number for mass transfer, ϵ is dispersion parameter. The above Equations (2.11) and (2.12) reduce the Equations (2.1), (2.4), (2.8) and (2.9) into the following system of non-dimensional equations:
∂ U ∂ X + ∂ V ∂ Y = 0 (2.13)
∂ ∂ τ [ ∂ V ∂ X − ∂ U ∂ Y ] + [ ∂ ∂ X ( U ∂ V ∂ X + V ∂ V ∂ Y ) − ∂ ∂ Y ( U ∂ U ∂ X + V ∂ U ∂ Y ) ] = 1 G r ∇ 2 ( ∂ V ∂ X − ∂ U ∂ Y ) + M 2 G r ∂ V ∂ X − ∂ Θ ∂ X − G r * G r ∂ ϕ ∂ X + 1 D a 1 G r ∂ U ∂ Y (2.14)
∂ Θ ∂ τ + U ∂ Θ ∂ X + V ∂ Θ ∂ Y = 1 P r 1 G r ∂ 2 Θ ∂ X 2 + R 1 G r ∂ 2 Θ ∂ Y 2 + ϵ N G r ( ∂ U ∂ Y ) 2 (2.15)
∂ ϕ ∂ τ + U ∂ ϕ ∂ X + V ∂ ϕ ∂ Y = 1 S c 1 G r [ ∂ 2 ϕ ∂ X 2 + ∂ 2 ϕ ∂ Y 2 ] (2.16)
The boundary conditions (2.10) in the non-dimensional form become:
U = V = 0 Θ = 0 , 1 ϕ = 0 , 1 } at Y = 0 , 1 (2.17)
In order to solve the system of Equations (2.13)-(2.16) with the boundary conditions (2.17), we resort to ADI finite difference method [
ϕ i , j * − ϕ i , j , n Δ τ 2 = ω [ ϕ i + 1 , j * − 2 ϕ i , j * + ϕ i − 1 , j * ( Δ X ) 2 + ϕ i , j + 1 , n − 2 ϕ i , j , n + ϕ i , j − 1 , n ( Δ Y ) 2 ] − U i , j , n ϕ i + 1 , j * − ϕ i − 1 , j * 2 Δ X − V i , j , n ϕ i , j + 1 , n − ϕ i , j − 1 , n 2 Δ Y (3.1.1)
ϕ i , j , n + 1 − ϕ i , j * Δ τ 2 = ω [ ϕ i + 1 , j * − 2 ϕ i , j * + ϕ i − 1 , j * ( Δ X ) 2 + ϕ i , j + 1 , n + 1 − 2 ϕ i , j , n + 1 + ϕ i , j − 1 , n + 1 ( Δ Y ) 2 ] − U i , j , n ϕ i + 1 * − ϕ i − 1 * 2 Δ X − V i , j , n ϕ i , j + 1 , n + 1 − ϕ i , j − 1 , n + 1 2 Δ Y (3.1.2)
Equations (3.1.1) and (3.1.2) can be reduced to give:
A i ϕ i − 1 , j * + B i ϕ i , j * + C i ϕ i + 1 , j * = D i (3.1.3)
where
A i = − 1 B i = f 1 f 3 C i = − f 4 f 3 D i = f 5 f 3 ϕ i , j − 1 , n + f 2 f 3 ϕ i , j , n + f 6 f 3 ϕ i , j + 1 , n } i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , N (3.1.4)
Followed by:
A 1 i ϕ i , j − 1 , n + 1 + B 1 i ϕ i , j , n + 1 + C 1 i ϕ i , j + 1 , n + 1 = D 1 i (3.15)
where
A 1 i = − 1 B 1 i = f 1 f 5 C 1 i = − f 6 f 5 D 1 i = f 3 f 5 ϕ i − 1 * + f 2 f 5 ϕ i , j * + f 4 f 5 ϕ i + 1 * } i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , N (3.1.6)
where
f 1 = 1 + λ ω , f 2 = 1 − λ ω , f 3 = λ ω 2 + λ h 4 U i , j , n , f 4 = λ ω 2 − λ h 4 U i , j , n , f 5 = λ ω 2 + λ h 4 V i , j , n , f 6 = λ ω 2 − λ h 4 V i , j , n
Θ i , j * − Θ i , j , n Δ τ 2 = ω [ Θ i + 1 , j * − 2 Θ i , j * + Θ i − 1 , j * ( Δ X ) 2 ] + ϖ [ Θ i , j + 1 , n − 2 Θ i , j , n + Θ i , j − 1 , n 2 Δ Y ] − U i , j , n Θ i + 1 , j * − Θ i − 1 , j * 2 Δ X − V i , j , n Θ i , j + 1 , n − Θ i , j − 1 , n 2 Δ Y + Φ (3.2.1)
Θ i , j , n + 1 − Θ i , j * Δ τ 2 = ω [ Θ i + 1 , j * − 2 Θ i , j * + Θ i − 1 , j * ( Δ X ) 2 ] + ϖ [ Θ i , j + 1 , n + 1 − 2 Θ i , j , n + 1 + Θ i , j − 1 , n + 1 ( Δ Y ) 2 ] − U i , j , n Θ i + 1 , j * − Θ i − 1 , j * 2 Δ X − V i , j , n Θ i , j + 1 , n + 1 − Θ i , j − 1 , n + 1 2 Δ Y + Φ (3.2.2)
Equations (3.2.1) and (3.2.2) can be reduced to give:
A i Θ i − 1 , j * + B i Θ i , j * + C i Θ i + 1 , j * = D i (3.2.3)
where
A i = − 1 B i = 2 f 1 f 3 C i = − f 4 f 3 D i = f 5 f 3 Θ i , j − 1 , n + 2 f 2 f 3 Θ i , j , n + f 6 f 3 Θ i , j + 1 , n + h 2 Φ f 3 } i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , N
followed by
A 1 i Θ i , j − 1 , n + 1 + B 1 i Θ i , j , n + 1 + C 1 i Θ i , j + 1 , n + 1 = D 1 i (3.2.5)
where
A 1 i = − 1 B 1 i = 2 f 7 f 5 C 1 i = − f 6 f 5 D 1 i = f 3 f 5 Θ i − 1 , j * + 2 f 8 f 5 Θ i , j * + f 4 f 5 Θ i + 1 , j * + h 2 Φ f 5 } i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , N (3.2.6)
where
f 1 = 1 λ + ω , f 2 = 1 λ − ϖ , f 3 = ω + h 2 U i , j , n , f 4 = ω − h 2 U i , j , n , f 5 = ϖ + h 2 V i , j , n , f 6 = ϖ − h 2 V i , j , n , f 7 = 1 λ + ϖ , f 8 = 1 λ − ω
ξ i , j * − ξ i , j , n Δ τ 2 = ω [ ξ i + 1 , j * − 2 ξ i , j * + ξ i − 1 , j * ( Δ X ) 2 + ξ i , j + 1 , n − 2 ξ i , j , n + ξ i , j − 1 , n ( Δ Y ) 2 ] + ω ξ i , j , n (3.3.1)
ξ i , j , n + 1 − ξ i , j * Δ τ 2 = ω [ ξ i + 1 , j * − 2 ξ i , j * + ξ i − 1 , j * ( Δ X ) 2 + ξ i , j + 1 , n + 1 − 2 ξ i , j , n + 1 + ξ i , j − 1 , n + 1 ( Δ Y ) 2 ] + ω ξ i , j , n + 1 (3.3.2)
Equations (3.3.1) and (3.3.2) can be reduced to give:
A i ξ i − 1 , j * + B i ξ i , j * + C i ξ i + 1 , j * = D i (3.3.3)
where
A i = − 1 B i = f 1 f 2 C i = − 1 D i = ξ i , j − 1 , n + f 3 f 2 ξ i , j , n + ξ i , j + 1 , n } i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , N (3.3.4)
followed by
A 1 i ξ i , j − 1 , n + 1 + B 1 i ξ i , j , n + 1 + C 1 i ξ i , j + 1 , n + 1 = D 1 i (3.3.5)
where
A 1 i = − 1 B 1 i = f 3 f 2 C 1 i = − 1 D 1 i = ξ i − 1 , j * + f 4 f 2 ξ i , j * + ξ i + 1 , j * } i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , N (3.3.6)
where
f 1 = 1 + λ ω , f 2 = λ ω 2 , f 3 = 1 − λ ω + λ h 2 ω 2 , f 4 = 1 − λ ω
With boundary conditions:
U = C o n s t a n t , U 0 , j , n = 0 , U i , 0 , n = 0 V = C o n s t a n t , V 0 , j , n = 0 , V i , 0 , n = 0 ϕ i , 0 , n = 0.0 , ϕ i , N , n = 1.0 Θ i , 0 , n = 0.0 , Θ i , N , n = 10.0 } (3.3.7)
The coefficients U, V are treated as constants during any one time-step of the computation, each of the equations (diffusion, heat, motion) creating a tridiagonal system which are solved by using Gauss elimination method, all are given in [
We present in this section some of the results obtained from the computation done on Equations (2.14), (2.15) and (2.16) for different points in the region of solution and this is because of the appearance of effect on this equations, and we find the following results (Figures 2-11):
1) With the increase of the radiation parameter, the faster steady state will be reached.
2) In energy equation, when G r = 1.5 , R = 2 and P r = 100 , and the time-step increases, the faster steady state will be reached.
3) With the decrease of the Schmidt number Sc, the faster steady state will be reached.
4) In Darcy equation, when G r = 1 and S c = 0.5 , and the time-step increases, the faster steady state will be reached.
5) With the decrease of the Gratshof number Gr, the faster steady state will be reached.
6) With the decrease of the Prandtl number Pr, the faster steady state will be reached.
7) In motion equation, when r = 1 , and the time-step increases, the faster steady state will be reached.
The authors are grateful to Assist. Prof. Dr. Ala’a Abdul-Raheem Ahmed Hammodat for his valuable remarks.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Almishlih, Z.A. and Hammodat, A.A.-R. (2020) Numerical Solution of Fluid Flow in Horizontal Tube under Effects of Radiation Field. Open Access Library Journal, 7: e6283. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106283