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F. E. Trevisan, “Flow Patterns and Pressure Drop in Three Phase Horizontal Flow of Heavy Oil, Water and Air,” Master’s Thesis, Petroleum Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 2003 (In Portuguese).

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Thermo-Hydrodynamics of Core-Annular Flow of Water, Heavy Oil and Air Using CFX

  AUTHORS: Antonio José Ferreira Gadelha, Severino Rodrigues de Farias Neto, Ramdayal Swarnakar, Antonio Gilson Barbosa de Lima

  KEYWORDS: Heavy Oil; Three-Phase Flow; Heat; Numerical Simulation; CFX

  JOURNAL NAME: Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, Vol.3 No.4A, October 25, 2013

  ABSTRACT: The transport of heavy and ultra-viscous oil employing the core-flow technique has been increasing recently, because it provides a greater reduction of the pressure drop during the flow. In this context, the effect of temperature and the presence of gas on the thermo-hydrodynamics of a three-phase water-heavy oil-air flow in a horizontal pipe under the influence of gravity and drag forces, using the commercial software ANSYS CFX?, have been evaluated. The standard κ ? ε turbulence model, the mixture model for heavy oil-water system and the particle model for heavy oil-gas and water-gas systems, were adopted. Results of velocity, volume fraction, pressure and temperature fields of the phases present along the pipe are presented and discussed. It has been found that the presence of the air phase and the variation in the temperature affect the behavior of annular flow and pressure drop.