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Lutfiyya, M.N., Bardales, R., Bales, R., Aguero, C., Brady, S., Tobar, A., McGrath, C., Zaiser, J. and Lipsky, M.S. (2010) Awareness of heart attack and stroke symptoms among Hispanic male adults living in the United States. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 12, 761-768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-009-9250-y

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: State level correlations between high heart attack and stroke symptomology knowledge scores and CVD risk factors and mortality rates

  AUTHORS: Mary Nawal Lutfiyya, Krista L. Huot, Maria L. Amaro, Michael F. Akers, Michael Swanoski

  KEYWORDS: Knowledge of Heart Attack and Stroke Symptomology; CVD Risk Factors; Stroke Mortality; CVD Mortality

  JOURNAL NAME: Health, Vol.5 No.10, October 10, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Introduction: In 2008, cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounted for one in three deaths in the United States. Epidemiological analyses suggest that two or more risk factors are the indicator of high risk and/or poor CVD outcomes. Knowledge of heart attack and stroke symptomology has been the focus of much research based on the assumption that accurate identification of an event is critical to reducing time to treatment. There is a paucity of research showing a clear association between knowledge of heart attack and stroke symptomology, risk factors, and mortality rates. In this study, we hypothesized that high stroke and heart attack symptomology knowledge scores would correspond to lower stroke or CVD mortality rankings as well as to a lower prevalence of two or more CVD risk factors. Methods: State was the unit of analysis used to examine data from two different sources and combined into a customized database. The first source was a multiyear Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) heart attack and stroke symptom knowledge module database. CVD and stroke mortality data used came from the American Heart Association’s (AHA) 2012 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics Update. Spearman’s Rho was the test statistic. Results: A moderate negative correlation was found between high heart attack and stroke symptom knowledge scores and the percentage of adults with two or more CVD or stroke risk factors. Likewise, a similar correlation resulted from the two variables, high heart attack and stroke symptoms knowledge score and CVD mortality rank. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a significant relationship between high heart attack and stroke symptom knowledge and lower CVD mortality rates and lower prevalence of two or more CVD risk factors at the state level. Our findings suggest that it is important to continue education efforts regarding heart attack and stroke symptom knowledge. Pharmacists are one group of health care providers who could enhance the needed public health education efforts.