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N. B. Hallam, J. R. West, C. F. Forster, J. C. Powell and I. Spencer, “The Decay of Chlorine Associated with the Pipe Wall in Water Distribution Systems,” Water Research, Vol. 36, No. 14, 2002, pp. 3479-3488. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00056-8

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Small Water Distribution System Operations and Disinfection By Product Fate

  AUTHORS: Sandhya Rao Poleneni, Enos C. Inniss

  KEYWORDS: Trihalomethanes; Pipe Loop; Chlorination; Distribution Systems; Formation Kinetics

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Water Resource and Protection, Vol.5 No.8A, August 9, 2013

  ABSTRACT: The Stage-2 Disinfectant and Disinfection By-Product (D/DBP) regulations force water utilities to be more concerned with their finished and distributed water quality. Compliance requires changes to their current operational strategy, which affect the formation of DBPs over time. This study quantifies changes in DBP formation and chlorine decay kinetics under different operational conditions and pipe materials found at many small-scale water utilities. A physical model (Pipe Loop) of a distribution system was used to evaluate the change in water quality from conditions such as having a high chlorine dosage entering the distribution system, using a chlorine booster system in the distribution system, and operation of clearwells/storage tanks. The High Chlorine Run (HC) is least favorable option with approximately 64% and 30% higher TTHMs than Normal Run (NR) and Chlorine Booster Run (CB), respectively. High Chlorine conditions also minimize the wall effects. The location of Boosters should always be after the storage systems to avoid extra contact time that can produce approximately 23% - 78% higher TTHMs. The following trends are discovered from the data analysis: Chlorine residual HC > CB > NR and TTHM NR > CB > HC.