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IEEE Power & Energy Society, “IEEE Draft Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Grounding System,” IEEE Standards 81-1983, 2012.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Investigation of Ground Frequency Characteristics

  AUTHORS: Mohamed Nayel

  KEYWORDS: Ground; Transient; Four Electrode Method; Frequency; Impedance

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, Vol.5 No.8, August 6, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Four-electrode method is one of the well-known methods in measuring ground resistivity. But, most faults currents and lightning currents have high frequencies components. It is proposed to develop this method to study ground frequency characteristics. A step like current was injected into ground to measure the ground impedance. The ground impedance is assumed to be frequency dependent parallel resistance/capacitance. Two equations were proved to estimate ground resistivity and permittivity from four-electrode method. An analytical model was proposed to model studied cases. The four electrodes are divided to equal spheres and complex image method had been used to satisfy the boundary conditions and penetration depth effects. The calculated results show good agreement with the measured results.