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Paffenbarger Jr., R. S. Hyde, R. T., Wing, A. L., & Hsieh, C. C. (1986). Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. The New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 605-613. doi:10.1056/NEJM198603063141003

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• TITLE: Elite Sport and Biological Age Influence of Extensive or Regular Low to Moderate Exercise on Plasma DHEA-S and Cortisol in Ice-Hockey Players

  AUTHORS: Lars-Eric Uneståhl, Benny Johansson

  KEYWORDS: Competitive Sport; Biological Age; Stress; Adrenal Hormones; Emotional Factors; Lifestyle

  JOURNAL NAME: Psychology, Vol.4 No.7, July 19, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Based on common comments that elite players in soccer and ice-hockey often looked “older” than nonplayers of the same age, the authors examined the research literature but found that very few studies had been conducted in the area of elite sport and biological age. We therefore decided to conduct a pilot study comparing professional elite ice hockey players (EP) (22 males, M = 24.7 years) with a cohort of amateur players (AP) similar in age but from a lower competitive level (17 males, M = 25.4 years). Subjective ratings of motivational, attitude and emotional factors were combined with measurements of blood concentrations of DHEA-S, cortisol and the DHEA-S/cortisol ratio. DHEA-S and the DHEA-S/cortisol ratio were significantly higher (p