TITLE:
Singularity-Free Superstar as an Alternative to Black Hole and Gravastar
AUTHORS:
Ding-Yu Chung, Volodymyr Krasnoholovets
KEYWORDS:
Black Hole; Superstar; Gravastar; Extreme Force Field; Uncertainty Principle; Singularity; Space Structure; Collapsar; Gamma Ray Burst; Neutron Star; Pair Instability Supernova; Stellar Breakup
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Modern Physics,
Vol.4 No.7A,
July
4,
2013
ABSTRACT: Singularity-free superstar is proposed as a model for the collapse of
large stars and for GRBs, and as an alternative to black hole and gravastar. Similar
to a superconductor, a superstar contains extreme force fields that have
non-zero momentum and non-zero wavelength to prevent the inactivation of force
field at absolute zero and singularity (infinite interacting energy) at
infinite density, respectively, based on the uncertainty principle. Emerging
only at an extremely low temperature above absolute zero or an
extremely high density below infinite density, extreme force fields are shortrange,
and located in between a particle and its ordinary force fields
(electromagnetic, weak, strong, and gravitational forces) to prevent the
inactivation of force fields at absolute zero and singularity (infinite
interacting energy) at infinite density in ordinary force fields. Extreme force fields are
manifested as the bonds among electrons in a superconductor and among atoms in a
Bose-Einstein condensate. When the stellar core of a large star
reaches the critical extreme density during the stellar collapse, the stellar
core is transformed into the super matter core with extreme force fields and ordinary
force fields without singularity. A pre-superstar contains the super matter
core, the ordinary matter region, and the thin phase boundary between the super
matter core and the ordinary matter region. The stellar collapse increases the
super matter core by converting the in falling ordinary energy and matter from the
ordinary matter region into the super matter, and decreases the ordinary matter
region. Eventually, the stellar breakup occurs to detach the ordinary matter
region and the phase boundary from the super matter core, resulting in GRB to
account for the observed high amount of gamma rays and the observed complex light curves in GRBs. Unlike
black holes and gravastars that lose information, singularity-free superstars that
keep all information exist.