TITLE:
Anatomy of Free Flap Failures: Dissection of a Series
AUTHORS:
Steven P. Davison, Mark W. Clemens, Andrew L. Kochuba
KEYWORDS:
Free Flaps; Flap Loss; Head and Neck Reconstruction; Coagulopathy; MTHFR; Factor V Leiden
JOURNAL NAME:
Modern Plastic Surgery,
Vol.3 No.3,
July
4,
2013
ABSTRACT: Introduction: Free flap success rates have remained
stable in recent years ranging 93% to 98%. Historically, the causes of free
flap failures were attributed to the surgeon’s inexperience and technique.
However, there are factors beyond the surgical anastomosis that contribute to
flap failure. The purpose of this study is to review each case of total flap
loss in detail to develop a better understanding of complications. Methods: A retrospective study was performed
over eleven years in a single surgeon’s practice, a predominantly head and neck
reconstructive practice. All charts were independently reviewed. In patients who sustained total flap
loss, a review was conducted of patient comorbidites, anesthesia records,
perioperative and follow-up notes. Results: A total of 514 free flaps were
performed. 76% (392) of these flaps were for head and neck reconstruction.
There were 22 total flap losses (4%) and 26 partial flap losses (5%). Of the 22
total flap losses, four flaps were avulsed, five flaps were in patients later
found to have coagulation disorders (homozygous mutations of the MTHFR gene and
factor V Leiden), four patients were exposed to neosynephrine, two patients
remained hypotensive perioperatively, and four delayed flap losses were attributed
to pseudomonal infection. Five losses were technical or related to flap
inexperience. Several representative case scenarios are illustrated. Conclusion: Careful review
of free flap failures indicates that a thorough workup (particularly
coagulation disorders), flap selection, surgeon to anesthesia communication,
proper securing of the flap, and postoperative patient blood pressure and infection
control have a greater part to play in this new era of anastomotic success.