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W. W. Leitner, L. N. Hwang, M. J. de Veer, A. Zhou, R. H. Silverman, B. R. Williams, T. W. Dubensky, H. Ying and N. P. Restifo, “Alphavirus-Based DNA Vaccine Breaks Immunologic Tolerance by Activating Innate Antiviral Pathways,” Nature Medicine, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2003, pp. 33-39. doi:10.1038/nm813

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Melanoma Immunotherapy: Overcoming Obstacles to Augment Anti-Tumor Immune Responses

  AUTHORS: Kristian M. Hargadon

  KEYWORDS: Melanoma; Tumor Immunotherapy; Dendritic Cell; Tumor Antigen; T Cell; Vaccine; Adoptive Transfer

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, Vol.3 No.2A, June 20, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and accounts for the vast majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Its ability to metastasize quickly, often before diagnosis, makes this cancer difficult to treat with traditional therapies. The identification of anti-melanoma immune responses in patients and the discovery of tumor antigens targeted by these immune responses have paved the way for immunotherapy as a novel approach to treating this cancer. In this review, the major immunotherapies targeting these melanoma tumor antigens are discussed. The advantages and limitations of peptide-, protein-, and gene-based vaccination maneuvers and adoptive cell transfer therapies are emphasized. Recent insights into melanoma immune evasion strategies are also highlighted, with particular focus on how our increasing knowledge of tumor/immune cell interactions is driving the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of melanoma.