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J. Freeman, M. P. Bauer, S. D. Baines, J. Corver, W. N. Fawley, B. Goorhuis, E. J. Kuijper and M. H. Wilcox, “The Changing Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile Infections,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2010, pp. 529-549. doi:10.1128/CMR.00082-09

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Molecular Evaluation of the Enterotoxigenicity of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens Swine Isolates by PCR Assays

  AUTHORS: Maria Cristina Ossiprandi, Laura Zerbini

  KEYWORDS: Clostridium difficile; Clostridium perfringens; Toxinotyping; Swine; PCR Assays

  JOURNAL NAME: Advances in Microbiology, Vol.3 No.2, May 31, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Clostridium difficile and C. perfringens are enteric pathogens affecting a variety of mammals. This study evaluated the molecular enterotoxigenicity of Clostridium swine isolates by PCRs. One hundred and ten swine faeces were analyzed by culture assay. The faecal samples were from sixty-seven healthy animals and 43 with gastrointestinal tract disease. C. difficile strains were PCR-screened for the presence of tcdA/tcdB and cdtA/cdtB genes. All C. perfringens isolates were tested for the characterization of the toxinotype. Overall, sixty-five swine resulted positive: 38 for C. difficile and 17 for C. perfringens. One sample tested C. perfringens and C. difficile-positive, at the same time: on the whole, 39 C. difficile strains were isolated. Thirty-eight C. difficile isolates (all from healthy animals) resulted tcdA/tcdB and cdtA/cdtB-negative by PCRs and toxins A/B-negative by immunological tests. All C. perfringens strains were type A; eight were also cpb2-positive. In the sample (diarrhoeic), with double infection, C. difficile tested tcdA/tcdB and cdtA/cdtB-positive by PCRs and toxins A/B-positive by immunoassays; C. perfringens resulted cpb2-positive. The molecular genotypeing/toxinotyping should be applied to establish a final diagnosis and to assess properly the full implications and the epidemiological impact of these findings in particular in samples of healthy animals and aid in the development of effective intervention methods for controlling clostridial disease outbreaks.