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Nagy, Z.P., Liu, J., Joris, H., Bocken, G., Desmet, B., Van Ranst, H., Vankelecom, A., Devroey, P. and Van Steirteghem, A.C. (1995) The influence of the site of sperm deposition and mode of oolemma breakage at intracytoplasmic sperm injection on fertilization and embryo development rates. Human Reproduction, 10, 31713177.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Estimating zona pellucida hardness under microinjection to assess oocyte/embryo quality: Analytical and experimental studies

  AUTHORS: Morteza Khalilian, Mojtaba Rezazadeh Valojerdi, Mehdi Navidbakhsh, Mahmoud Chizari, Poopak Eftekhari-Yazdi

  KEYWORDS: Human Oocyte; Human Embryo; Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection; Zona Pellucida Hardness

  JOURNAL NAME: Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, Vol.4 No.5, May 30, 2013

  ABSTRACT: The precise determination of zona pellucida (ZP) hardness is largely unknown due to the lack of appropriate measuring and modelling methods. In this study, we have used experimental and theoretical models to describe the mechanical behavior of a single oocyte cell to improve the assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes by assessing oocyte/embryo quality. This paper presents the development of: i) a microinjection model to estimate the force of ZP penetration, ii) a micropipette aspiration model to determine the corresponding hardness, and iii) an experimental procedure to generate the required data for these two models. Our results show that the estimated penetration force provides a performance target for the penetration process during intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), while the estimated corresponding hardness serves as an indicator of the extent of deformation sustained by the oocyte prior to penetration. Evaluation of these results shows that a routine assessment of ZP hardness under microinjection would allow for the identification of certain oocyte pools for which further manipulation is recommended in order to improve injection, hatching and finally ART outcomes.