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D. J. Woollons, “To Beat or not to Beat: The History and Development of Heart Pacemakers,” Engineering Science and Education Journal, Vol. 4, No. 6, 1995, pp. 259-268. doi:10.1049/esej:19950604

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: A Novel Design of Fuzzy PID Controllers for Dual-Sensor Cardiac Pacemaker Systems

  AUTHORS: Wei Vivien Shi

  KEYWORDS: Adaptation; Dual-Sensors; Fuzzy PID Controller; Heart Rate; Pacemaker

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Applied Biosensor, Vol.2 No.2, May 13, 2013

  ABSTRACT: This work proposes to design a fuzzy proportional-integral derivative (FPID) controller for dual-sensor cardiac pacemaker systems, which can automatically control the heart rate to accurately track a desired preset profile. The combination of fuzzy logic and conventional PID control approaches is adopted for the controller design based on dual-sensors. This controller offers good adaptation of the heart rate to the physiological needs of the patient under different states (rest and walk). Through comparing with the conventional fuzzy control algorithm, FPID provides a more suitable control strategy to determine a pacing rate in order to achieve a closer match between actual heart rate and a desired profile. To assist the heartbeat recovery, the stimuli with adjustable pacing rate is generated by the pacemaker according to the FPID controller, such actual heart rate may track the preset heart rate faithfully. Simulation results confirm that this proposed control design is effective for heartbeat recovery and maintenance. This study will be helpful not only for the analysis and treatment of bradycardias but also for improving the performance of medical devices.