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Stroshane, R.M., Koss, R.F., Biddlecome, C.E., Luczkowec, C. and Edelson, J. (1984) Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of milrinone in human volunteers. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 73, 1438-1441. doi:10.1002/jps.2600731029

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• TITLE: Renal effects of vasodilators in acute heart failure

  AUTHORS: Mattia A. E. Valente, Adriaan A. Voors

  KEYWORDS: Heart Failure; Vasodilators; Cardiorenal Syndrome; Renal Function

  JOURNAL NAME: World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases, Vol.3 No.2A, April 30, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Vasodilator therapy is common in acute heart failure (AHF) patients, although evidence for morbidity and mortality benefits is limited for many of these drugs. AHF is frequently accompanied by renal dysfunction, which is a strong, independent predictor for poor prognosis. Several hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects of vasodilators—including preload and afterload reduction, activation or inhibition of neurohormonal and inflammatory cascades—have the potential to modulate cardiorenal interaction and impact renal function. However, the effect of vasodilators on renal function in acute heart failure is often poorly described. In this review, we provide an overview of the known cardiorenal effects of traditional and novel vasodilators in patients with acute heart failure.