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B. Avitall, M. Khan, D. Krum, et al., “Physics and Engineering of Transcatheter Cardiac Tissue Ablation,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Vol. 22, No. 3, 1993, pp. 921-932. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(93)90212-J

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• TITLE: Mechanisms of Action of Noninvasive Monopolar Radiofrequency: Technology Review

  AUTHORS: Terry L. Whipple, Scott P. Steinmann

  KEYWORDS: Thermal Shrinkage; Thermoplasty; Heat-Shock; AT2, Radiofrequency; Collagen Denaturation; Tendinosis; Wound Healing Response; Tendinopathy; Microtenotomy; Antinociceptive

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Orthopedics, Vol.3 No.1, March 29, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Tendinosis is now understood as the result of a failed tendon healing process regardless of where it occurs in the body. Current noninvasive therapeutic alternatives are anti-inflammatory in nature and outcomes are unpredictable at best. The benefit of invasive alternatives resides in the induction of the healing response as demonstrated in pre-clinical and clinical studies in cardiology and orthopaedics. A new technology that employs noninvasivemonopolar capacitive-coupled radiofrequency (mcRF), has demonstrated the ability to raise temperatures in tendons and ligaments upwards of 50°C, the temperature threshold for collagen modulation and recruitment of macrophages, fibroblasts and Heat Shock Protein factors—without damaging the overlying structures—resulting in activation of the Wound Healing Response (WHR).