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Wildlife Conservation Society, “The Global Conservation Program. Achievements and Lessons Learned from 10 Years of Support for Threats-Based Conservation at a Landscape and Seascape Scale,” 2008. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pdacp728.pdf

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• TITLE: Deforestation, Agrarian Reform and Oil Development in Ecuador, 1964-1994

  AUTHORS: Robert Wasserstrom, Douglas Southgate

  KEYWORDS: Ecuador; Deforestation; Oil Development; Agrarian Reform; Colonization

  JOURNAL NAME: Natural Resources, Vol.4 No.1, March 28, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Recent biodiversity research in the Western Amazon has emphasized the linkages among road construction, deforestation and loss of indigenous lands. Many observers have concluded that hydrocarbon production inevitably means destruction of forests and expropriation of native territory. Yet evidence from the eastern lowlands of Ecuador (known as the Oriente) shows that oil can be developed without roads or harmful impacts. The Oriente also provides another contrasting case: in areas where no oil was discovered, the government often built roads to support its agricultural colonization efforts. In these areas, a great deal of deforestation and indigenous displacement occurred. Such evidence suggests that a different set of agrarian and environmental policies might permit oil activity without loss of rain forest or indigenous territory.