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Karlson, E.W., Chibnik, L.B., McGrath, M., Chang, S.-C., Keenan, B.T., Costenbader, K.H., Fraser, P.A., Tworoger, S., Hankinson, S.E., Lee, I.-M., Buring, J. and De Vivo, I. (2009) A prospective study of androgen levels, hormonerelated genes and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 11, R97. doi:10.1186/ar2742

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Association of a cytosine-adenine repeat polymorphism in the estrogen receptor β gene with occurrence and severity of rheumatoid arthritis

  AUTHORS: Kanako Watanabe, Hiromi Sato, Ayano Ito, Tomomi Sato, Aránzazu González-Canga, Hana Sugai, Masahiko Suzuki, Takao Namiki, Koichi Ueno

  KEYWORDS: Polymorphism; Rheumatoid Arthritis; Sex; Estrogen Receptor β; CA Repeat

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Internal Medicine, Vol.3 No.1, March 25, 2013

  ABSTRACT: We investigated the influence of the cytosine-adenine (CA) dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 6 of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) gene on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk. One hundred and ninety-three RA patients and 77 control subjects with osteoarthritis (OA) were recruited. The CA repeat polymorphism was assayed by a dye-terminator cycle sequencing analysis. No statistically significant difference in the mean number of CA repeats between the RA and OA patients was observed (RA: 21.47, OA: 21.23, P = 0.324). The alleles were categorized according to the number of repeats: short (S, ≦21) and long (L, ≧22), in which the genotypes SS, SL, and LL were observed. No significant differences were observed for the allele and genotype distributions of this polymorphism in both patient groups. The RA patients were classified according to RA severity: mild (least erosive disease) and severe (more erosive and mutilating disease). Again, no significant difference in genotype frequency between these groups was observed, even after stratifying by sex. The present study indicates that additional studies are needed to clarify the roles of this polymorphism, estrogen, and ER in the development of autoimmune diseases.