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C. Levinthal, “How to Fold Graciously,” Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Biological Systems Proceedings, Vol. 67, No. 41, 1969, pp. 22-26. http://www-miller.ch.cam.ac.uk/levinthal/levinthal.html

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Ben-Naim’s “Pitfall”: Don Quixote’s Windmill

  AUTHORS: Yi Fang

  KEYWORDS: Protein Folding; Gibbs Free Energy; Quantum Mechanics; Statistical Mechanics

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Biophysics, Vol.3 No.1, January 30, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Ben-Naim in three articles dismissed and “answered” the Levinthal’s paradox. He announces there are pitfalls caused by the “misinterpretation” of thermodynamic hypothesis. He claims no existence of Gibbs free energy formula where the variable is a protein’s conformation X .His Gibbs energy functional is G(T, P, N, P(R)), where the variable is probability distributions P (R)of the conformations. His “minimum distribution Peq” is wrong. By carefully establishing thermodynamic systems, we demonstrate how to apply quantum statistics to derive Gibbs free energy formula G(X). The formula of the folding force is given.