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Freund, F.T., Kulahci, I.G., Cyr, G., Ling, J., Winnick, M., Tregloan-Reed, J. and Freund, M.M. (2009) Air ionization at rock surfaces and pre-earthquake signals. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 71, 1824- 1834. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.07.013

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Manifestations of the earthquake preparations in the ionosphere total electron content variations

  AUTHORS: Alexander A. Namgaladze, Oleg V. Zolotov, Mikhail I. Karpov, Yulia V. Romanovskaya

  KEYWORDS: Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling System; Ionospheric Earthquake Precursors; Total Electron Content of the Ionosphere; Electromagnetic Plasma Drift; Global Electric Circuit; Vertical Electric Current

  JOURNAL NAME: Natural Science, Vol.4 No.11, November 22, 2012

  ABSTRACT: Recent ionospheric observations report anomalous total electron content (TEC) deviations prior strong earthquakes. We discuss common fetures of the pre-earthquake TEC disturbances on the basis of statistics covering 50 strong seismic events during 2005-2006. The F2-layer ionospheric plasma drift under action of the electric fields of seismic origin is proposed as the main reason of producing TEC anomalies. The origin of such electric fields is discussed in terms of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling system. This theory is supported by numerical simulations using global Upper Atmosphere Model (UAM). UAM calculations show that the vertical electric current with the density of about 20 - 40 nA/m2 flowing between the Earth and ionosphere over an area of about 200 by 2000 km is required to produce the TEC disturbances with the amplitude of about 30% - 50% relatively to the non-disturbed conditions. Ionosphere responses on the variations of the latitudinal position, direction and configuration of the vertical electric currents have been investigated. We show that not only the vertical component of the ionospheric plasma drift but also horizontal components play an important role in producing pre-earthquake TEC disturbances.