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R. Gopalakrishna, Z. H. Chen and U. Gundimeda, “Tobacco Smoke Tumor Promoters, Catechol and Hydroquinone, Induce Oxidative Regulation of Protein Kinase C and Influence Invasion and Metastasis of Lung Carcinoma Cells,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 91, No. 25, 1994, pp. 12233-12237.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Inhibitory Effect of Cigarette Smoke Extract on Experimental Lung Metastasis of Mouse Melanoma by Suppressing Tumor Invasion

  AUTHORS: Yuta Takahashi, Shizuyo Horiyama, Yoko Kimoto, Noriko Yoshikawa, Masaru Kunitomo, Satomi Kagota, Kazumasa Shinozuka, Kazuki Nakamura

  KEYWORDS: Cigarette Smoke Extract (CSE); Anti-Metastasis; B16-BL6 Mouse Melanoma Cells; Invasion; Migration

  JOURNAL NAME: Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Vol.3 No.3, July 5, 2012

  ABSTRACT: We investigated the effect of a nicotine-and tar-free cigarette smoke extract (CSE) using an experimental metastasis mouse model which was intravenously injected with B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells. Three-hour pretreatment of cells with various concentrations of CSE (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 1%) dose-dependently reduced the number of lung metastatic nodules 14 days after tumor injection. To elucidate the mechanism of this anti-metastatic effect of CSE, we examined the invasion and migration activities of B16-BL6 cells pretreated with CSE for three hours in vitro. CSE significantly reduced the invasion of cells at 1% and the migration at 0.3% and 1%. Under the same pretreatment conditions, CSE had no effect on the proliferation of cells. These findings suggest that CSE contains some ingredients that suppress hematogenic lung metastasis via inhibition of the invasion and migration activities of mouse melanoma cells.