TITLE:
Issue and Integrative Framework Cs-Lr Model
AUTHORS:
Mamadou Salla Gueye
KEYWORDS:
CS-LR, Trust, Satisfaction, Loyalty, Risks, Observation, Declarative, Triangulation, Organizational Behavior, Efficiency, Transaction Costs, MES, Behavioral Economics
JOURNAL NAME:
Technology and Investment,
Vol.17 No.4,
November
4,
2026
ABSTRACT: The article focuses on the nature transformation of the model: observation is no longer merely evoked as a future methodological perspective, but as a constituent component of the CS-LR. The declarative informs perceptions; observation informs behavioral and organizational manifestations. The two levels are articulated, without confusing perception, behavior and performance. The CS-LR model extends (Gueye, 2023) the CS-L (Confidence-Satisfaction-Loyalty (Gueye et al., 2020a)) kernel into a behavioral architecture explicitly integrating Risks and Hazards (R). This version of the framework goes further: it does not simply measure relational variables in the light of the statements of the actors. It includes the observation of behaviors, interactions, events, control practices, incidents and organizational manifestations associated with the studied constructs. This change changes the methodological status of the model: trust, satisfaction and loyalty are no longer understood exclusively as declared states but as latent constructs whose expression can be triangulated by declarative and observational data. The article reviews the progress made by the model since previous empirical work on confidence, satisfaction and loyalty in the Senegalese insurance market, including the State PhD thesis defended in 2007 at the Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar (Gueye, 2007) and subsequent publications. This version proposes an original contribution: the integration of a multimodal architecture, where the declarative accounts for perception and subjective evaluation, and where observation captures the actual manifestations of behaviors and organizational processes. The model retains its articulation with microeconomics—augmented production function, θ efficiency multiplier, primal and dual programs—and with management sciences, agency theory, transaction costs and behavioral economics. But it adds an essential methodological link between latent constructs and observable manifestations. CS-LR is therefore presented as a dynamic and falsifiable behavioral framework. It does not claim that all proposed relationships are already statistically validated. However, it can no longer be described as a model based solely on self-reporting: its measurement logic is now based on convergence, divergence and complementarity between what actors report and what they do or what the organization allows to observe.