TITLE:
A Real-Time Pricing Method for Smart Grids Considering Electric Vehicle Classification
AUTHORS:
Chang Liu, Yan Gao
KEYWORDS:
Smart Grid, Demand-Side Management, Real-Time Pricing, Social Welfare Maximization, Electric Vehicles
JOURNAL NAME:
Open Journal of Applied Sciences,
Vol.16 No.10,
October
29,
2026
ABSTRACT: To account for differences in travel characteristics among different types of electric vehicles, a real-time pricing method for smart grid considering electric vehicle classification is proposed. According to characteristics such as grid-connection time, grid-disconnection time, and daily driving mileage, electric vehicles are divided into private electric vehicles, electric taxis, and electric buses, and the Monte Carlo method is used to generate corresponding operation scenarios. On this basis, combined with the demand-side management mechanism and with the goal of maximizing social welfare, a real-time pricing model is established that takes into account wind power and photovoltaic output, V2G charging and discharging of electric vehicles, and energy storage devices, and a distributed dual algorithm is used to solve for the real-time electricity price. Simulation results show that the proposed real-time pricing method can dynamically adjust electricity prices according to the supply-demand relationship of the system, guide energy storage devices and electric vehicles to charge and discharge reasonably, optimize resource allocation, and significantly improve total social welfare.