TITLE:
Testing Cosmic Acceleration with Pantheon, Union3, and Live Redshift Monitoring—A Bounded-Redshift Planck-Hubble-Hawking Rotating Black Hole Universe Framework
AUTHORS:
Utpala Venkata Satya Seshavatharam, Sreerama Lakshminarayana, Tulugu Gunavardhana Naidu
KEYWORDS:
Cosmic Acceleration, Pantheon, Union3, Redshift Drift, Bounded Redshift, Black-Hole Universe, Galactic Rotation, Super-Gravity, Millimetre Spectroscopy
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Modern Physics,
Vol.17 No.10,
October
28,
2026
ABSTRACT: We investigate a phenomenological rotating black-hole-universe (BHU) framework that links cosmic thermal evolution with distance observations and independent spectroscopic tests. Its central proposal is a change of cosmic geometry rather than the addition of a rotation parameter to the usual irrotational Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) background. A physical description of cosmic rotation requires a specified observer congruence, nonzero vorticity, and a consistent spacetime geometry. By interpreting Hubble’s law within its rotating cosmic geometry, the BHU framework identifies the cosmic angular rate with the Hubble rate,
ω=H
, and connects the Planck and Hubble scales through a thermal relation with constant
H/
T
2
. Together with the adopted temperature-scale-factor identification, this relation motivates a continuously decelerating expansion history. The observational programme combines supernova distance comparisons with independent tests of thermal evolution, galactic mass-velocity relations, and atomic spectra. For Pantheon, the reported weighted RMS residuals are 0.1348 mag for the auxiliary evolving-partition prescription and 0.1336 mag for the selected flat-ΛCDM reference. For 22 Union3 bins, the bounded law and the reference model give
χ
2
=24.902
and 26.411, respectively. These retained comparisons motivate further tests but do not by themselves establish the proposed rotating mechanism. We also propose reverse distance-redshift tests in which independently calibrated Type Ia supernova luminosity distances are used to infer redshifts and, under the adopted identification, their associated scale factors. The bounded-sinh law uses
z
c
=z/
(
1+z
)
and the fixed geometric coefficient 2/3; no separate 1/3 term enters the formula. A fixed-parameter ΛCDM distance law can likewise be inverted to predict
z
and
1+z
for comparison with spectroscopy. Such inversions are not independent evidence when the fitting data are reused. A genuinely independent test requires an absolute-magnitude calibration from a separate nearby sample, an independently fixed
H
0
, and explicit treatment of uncertainties, local motions, and redshift-dependent photometric corrections. Although
1+z=1/
(
1−
z
c
)
is an exact identity, the central physical question and point of debate examined here is which quantity—the bounded expression
z
c
=z/
(
1+z
)
or the conventional unbounded expression
z
—should be adopted as the physically fundamental variable for defining and interpreting cosmic redshift. Repeated spectroscopy of distance-ordered source pairs provides a complementary test of explicitly specified redshift-drift predictions. A 50-year sensitivity assessment distinguishes instrumental resolving power from line-shift precision and quantifies the demanding stability required for such measurements. The proposed quadratic thermal and atomic scalings are presented with their separate assumptions and observational consequences. The result is a testable research programme rather than a completed cosmological theory: a covariant rotating description and joint agreement with independent observations remain essential.