TITLE:
New Theoretical Concepts Related to Dark Energy
AUTHORS:
Herman A. van Hoeve
KEYWORDS:
Dark Energy, Cosmology, Cosmological Models, Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, Age of the Universe, Hubble Tension
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology,
Vol.12 No.4,
September
24,
2026
ABSTRACT: Type Ia Supernovae act as reliable cosmic standard candles, revealing the presence of dark energy. The purpose of this paper is to introduce new theoretical concepts to explain dark energy. This research introduces a new theoretical framework to explain the observed expansion of the universe by proposing a second spacetime constant (b), in addition to having the speed of light constant (c). Constant b defines a time-invariant limit on total orbital revolutions, bounding the age of the universe when determining the time span during which the light emitted could have traveled freely from the cosmological horizon to the observer. The constants b and c are independent; neither can be derived from the other, and both are covariant with respect to the Lorentz transformations. The value of constant b is estimated to be approximately 13.8 billion orbital revolutions, derived from an equation linking the Hubble tension to changes in the duration of the Earth’s anomalistic year, which literature shows increases by one second every 400 calendar years on average. This increasing duration of Earth’s orbital revolution corresponds well to having a constant maximum orbit count regarding the light-travel time from the expanding cosmic boundary. This paper introduces a theoretical framework based on multidimensional time, with one temporal dimension in everyday experience and the effects of the other temporal dimension becoming apparent only at cosmological large scales. Consequently, the light-travel time from the ever-increasing distance of the cosmic microwave background radiation is calibrated with a so-called anomalistic year clock; a clock that gradually ticks just slightly slower over time in everyday experience, but time-invariant when counting the clock’s cycles, as calibrated in the present epoch of the observer.