TITLE:
Exploring the Electromagnetic Interactions in the 2T + 3S Dimensions without Compactification: Implications for a Segmented Space-Time
AUTHORS:
Sajjad Zahir
KEYWORDS:
Extra Time Dimension, Classical Electrodynamics, QCD, R-Values, Gluons
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Modern Physics,
Vol.17 No.9,
September
22,
2026
ABSTRACT: We developed a formulation of classical electrodynamics in the 2T + 3S dimensions without compactifying the extra time dimension. We found an effective electric charge defined by the ratio of the two distinct speeds of causality. We extended the concept to the hadronic Color-Space and postulated that the massless gluon was tied to the second time dimension, with an intrinsic speed different from the speed of light. We applied the theoretical formulations to the e+e− → hadrons experiments and suggested a preliminary estimate of the gluon speed using the R- values.