TITLE:
A Readout-Based Structural Analysis of Empirical CMB Temperature Equations: Macro-Micro Correspondence and Action-Level Framework
AUTHORS:
Tomofumi Miyashita
KEYWORDS:
Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature, Minimum Mass, Readout Structure, Macro-Micro Correspondence, Action-Level Denominator, Gravitational Constant
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Modern Physics,
Vol.17 No.8,
August
25,
2026
ABSTRACT: This report extends our previous studies of empirical equations involving the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature by reformulating them within a readout-based structural framework. The empirical relation previously introduced as Equation (12) is reconsidered beyond a purely MKSA-specific numerical adjustment and reorganized in terms of macro-micro correspondence. The framework connects macroscopic reference units, microscopic mass-energy quantities, electromagnetic readouts, and action-level denominators through a branch-resolved table-number rule. The CMB temperature derived under the adopted map is 2.7256307 K, in agreement with the observed value of 2.72548 ± 0.00057 K. The same procedure also provides a gravitational-side calculation. After conversion back to the MKSA reference system, the gravitational value is 6.674184325 × 10−11 m3·kg−1·s−2, close to the reported value of 6.6743 × 10−11 m3·kg−1·s−2. The first and second redefinitions are interpreted as MKSA-derived representations rather than as a universal family of unit systems. The aim is not to present a complete microphysical theory, but to examine whether the CMB-temperature equations and gravitational-side readouts can be organized consistently within a common macro-micro readout framework.