TITLE:
Use of Standard and Next-Generation Insecticide-Treated Nets by Populations in Southern Benin
AUTHORS:
Koffi Djigbodi Koumodji, Razaki A. Ossè, Fiacre Rodrigue Agossa, Steve Zinsou Hougbe, Minassou Juvénal Ahouandjinou, Zul-Kifl Affolabi, Arthur Sovi, Filémon Tokponnon, Rock Aïkpon, Haziz Sina Orou, Lamine Baba-Moussa, Martin Akogbeto
KEYWORDS:
Malaria, Anopheles gambiae s.l. Pyrethroids, Chlorfenapyr, Mosquito Nets
JOURNAL NAME:
Advances in Entomology,
Vol.14 No.3,
July
6,
2026
ABSTRACT: Malaria remains a major public health concern in Benin, where long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) constitute the primary vector control strategy. However, the effectiveness of LLINs depends not only on coverage but also on their actual use, which is often overestimated by self-reported measures. This study aimed to generate more accurate estimates of LLIN utilization and to compare usage patterns between standard and next-generation LLINs distributed during the 2023 nationwide campaign. A total of 200 households per commune were randomly selected across seven communes. ITN utilization was assessed through (i) a strict definition, considering only LLINs observed hanging above a sleeping space, and (ii) an extended definition, including LLINs that were hanging, placed on the bed, or positioned immediately beside the bed, whose use was confirmed by the household head. Data were collected using Open Data Kit (ODK). For 5% absolute precision and 95% confidence, at least 246 nets per commune were evaluated. Overall, 1,762 nets were observed, including Interceptor G2 (44.83%), PermaNet 3.0 (13.62%), Yorkool (40.63%), Yahe (0.68%), and Olyset Plus (0.22%). Four months after distribution, 96.39% of 2023 campaign nets remained present in households. Coverage reached 38.69% for 2023-distributed nets and 51.24% overall, corresponding approximately to one net for two people. Five of the seven communes met the target of one net per two persons. An observed minimum utilization rate of 80% was recorded, meeting WHO recommendations. Declared individual use was very high (95.72%) but overestimated actual use compared to field observations. Observational assessment (nets hung, on or beside beds) provided more realistic estimates than self-reported declarations. Utilization of next-generation nets (72.40%) was substantially higher than that of standard nets (50.98%). In conclusion, four months post-distribution, net retention and coverage were high, and WHO-recommended utilization thresholds were achieved. Direct observation remains a more reliable method for estimating actual LLIN use. Next-generation nets demonstrated significantly higher community utilization than standard LLINs.