TITLE:
A Statistical-Mechanical Realization of the Primary Particle Hypothesis: Emergent Spacetime and Cosmological Implications
AUTHORS:
Slobodan Spremo
KEYWORDS:
Emergent Spacetime, Pre-Geometric Cosmology, Primary Particle Hypothesis, Primordial Perturbations, Loop Quantum Cosmology, Tensor-to-Scalar Ratio
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology,
Vol.12 No.3,
July
1,
2026
ABSTRACT: We present an extended mathematical formulation of the Primary Particle Hypothesis (PPH), in which spacetime and its causal structure emerge from a pre-geometric manifold ℳ ′ populated by superluminal primary particles. The fundamental invariant speed in ℳ ′ is v p >c , while the Lorentzian metric and the limiting velocity c arise statistically through coarse-graining and the central limit theorem applied to the microscopic velocity ensemble. In this sense, special relativity is not violated but extended: Lorentz invariance appears as a universal low-energy fixed point of the underlying transport dynamics. A discrete velocity spectrum with quantum ε≈2.38× 10 −114 m⋅ s −1 provides a microscopic foundation for cosmological dynamics. We show that the critical density of Loop Quantum Cosmology is derived from first principles as a consequence of velocity-state saturation, leading to a non-singular Big Bounce. Density perturbations originate from finite-number statistical fluctuations of occupation levels, yielding δρ/ρ ~ 10 −5 and an approximately scale-invariant scalar spectrum with a small red tilt n s ≈0.97 , consistent with Planck observations. Tensor modes arise from quadrupole anisotropies of the velocity distribution, predicting a suppressed tensor-to-scalar ratio and violation of the slow-roll consistency relation. Time emerges relationally from collective dynamics in ℳ ′ , rather than being fundamental. The model therefore provides a statistically grounded, microphysical alternative to inflation, with distinctive and testable cosmological signatures.