TITLE:
The Evolution of NiTi Endodontic Instruments: A Short Review
AUTHORS:
Fatima Z. Rouggani, Oumaima Morchid, Hakim Moussaria, Ismail Bazi
KEYWORDS:
Surface Treatment, Torsional Fatigue, Phase Transformation, Cyclic Fatigue, Super Elasticity, Shape Memory Alloy, Flexibility, Thermal Treatment
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Biosciences and Medicines,
Vol.14 No.6,
June
26,
2026
ABSTRACT: The introduction of NiTi endodontic instruments in the early 1990s revolutionized endodontic treatments. Multiple generations of NiTi instruments have been developed, although these generations are a practical classification rather than a universal consensus and are grouped based on their cross-section and kinematics, with innovations in design, metallurgy and surface treatments. The different 5 generations, the surface treatments, alloy properties and the future directives are the four headings used to elaborate on the topic of this review.