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Kao, C., & Chiang, M. (2001). On the Estimation and Inference of a Cointegrated Regression in Panel Data. In B. H. Baltagi, T. B. Fomby, & R. C. Hill (Eds.), Advances in Econometrics (pp. 179-222). Emerald (MCB UP).
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0731-9053(00)15007-8

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Empirical Evidence of Lilien Hypothesis from African Countries

  AUTHORS: Kando Serge Gbagbeu

  KEYWORDS: Unemployment, Sectoral Shift, Panel DOLS, African Countries

  JOURNAL NAME: Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol.16 No.3, June 4, 2026

  ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to investigate the validity of the sectoral shift hypothesis in African countries for the period 1991-2023. It analyses the long-run relationship between unemployment and sectoral shift of labour for the countries using the panel dynamic ordinary least squared (DOLS) model. It contributes to literature on the Lilien hypothesis for African countries The results conclude to evidence of a trade-off between sectoral shift of employment and unemployment in long run. An implication for economic policies is that we can reduce unemployment rate while working toward shifting employment from low productive sector to the high-productivity sector. Consequently, it is recommended that policymakers implement strategies to expand manufacturing and other high-productivity sectors, to invest in education and skills upgrading aligned with industrial and modern needs, to create more decent work conditions in industrial and service sectors.