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Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019). The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 22, 129-146.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Reverse Backlash under Polarization: Panel Evidence on U.S. Immigration Attitudes across Two Elections, 2016 and 2024

  AUTHORS: Espina-Baeza Imanol, Lasala-Blanco Narayani

  KEYWORDS: Reverse Backlash, Polarization, Anti-immigration Attitudes, Public Opinion

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Political Science, Vol.16 No.3, June 2, 2026

  ABSTRACT: Do voters with negative attitudes toward undocumented immigrants moderate their views once a candidate or a party running on an anti-immigrant platform wins? Using American National Election Studies (ANES) panel data spanning the 2016 and 2024 U.S. presidential elections, we assess reverse-backlash hypotheses. We find limited post-election moderation among Republicans who expressed the most negative pre-election views, while Democrats and Independents become modestly more negative after Trump’s election. Over 2016-2024, within-person moderation is evident: individuals with initially more negative views tend to become less negative by 2024. These shifts coincide with salient elite rhetoric and policy change; we interpret them as associations consistent with reverse-backlash dynamics.