TITLE:
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Health Trajectories, and Frailty Progression in Older Adults: A Narrative Review
AUTHORS:
Ruiqi Huo
KEYWORDS:
Frailty, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Health Trajectories, Markov Model, Aging, Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Prevention
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Biosciences and Medicines,
Vol.14 No.5,
May
28,
2026
ABSTRACT: Frailty is a dynamic, multidimensional geriatric syndrome whose natural history—from preclinical origins to progression and potential reversibility—remains incompletely understood. This narrative review synthesizes evidence at the intersection of two emerging paradigms: dynamic cardiometabolic risk factor modeling and health trajectory analysis using multistate Markov models. We critically examine the shift from static baseline measurements to longitudinal dynamic patterns of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidosis, and obesity, demonstrating that cumulative exposure and change trajectories are more informative than single assessments. We then review Markov-based models that capture bidirectional frailty transitions, highlighting how cardiometabolic conditions modify transition probabilities between robust, prefrail, frail, and death states. An integrated four-stage framework—exposure, process, trajectory, outcome—is proposed to link cardiometabolic dynamics to frailty progression. Emerging directions include precision frailty research, digital biomarkers, frailty-reversal interventions, and socioeconomic determinants, with particular attention to the understudied but high-risk Northeast Chinese aging population.