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Biritwum, R.B., Minicuci, N., Yawson, A.E., Theou, O., Mensah, G.P., Naidoo, N., et al. (2016) Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Frailty and Disability in Older Adults from China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa. Maturitas, 91, 8-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.05.012

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Health Trajectories, and Frailty Progression in Older Adults: A Narrative Review

  AUTHORS: Ruiqi Huo

  KEYWORDS: Frailty, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Health Trajectories, Markov Model, Aging, Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Prevention

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, Vol.14 No.5, May 28, 2026

  ABSTRACT: Frailty is a dynamic, multidimensional geriatric syndrome whose natural history—from preclinical origins to progression and potential reversibility—remains incompletely understood. This narrative review synthesizes evidence at the intersection of two emerging paradigms: dynamic cardiometabolic risk factor modeling and health trajectory analysis using multistate Markov models. We critically examine the shift from static baseline measurements to longitudinal dynamic patterns of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidosis, and obesity, demonstrating that cumulative exposure and change trajectories are more informative than single assessments. We then review Markov-based models that capture bidirectional frailty transitions, highlighting how cardiometabolic conditions modify transition probabilities between robust, prefrail, frail, and death states. An integrated four-stage framework—exposure, process, trajectory, outcome—is proposed to link cardiometabolic dynamics to frailty progression. Emerging directions include precision frailty research, digital biomarkers, frailty-reversal interventions, and socioeconomic determinants, with particular attention to the understudied but high-risk Northeast Chinese aging population.