TITLE:
Determinants and Adverse Outcomes of Short Inter-Pregnancy Intervals and Maternal Knowledge of Optimal Birth Spacing: A Cross-Sectional Study in Douala, Cameroon
AUTHORS:
Henri Essome, Alphonse Ngalame, Merlin Boten, Massateh Fofungtum, Florence Mendoua, Reine Koundo Motah, Moustapha Bilkissou, Fulbert Mangala, Ingrid Ofakem, Lionel Oscar Essome Tocky, Grace Tocki Toutou, Estelle Wafo, Thomas Egbe
KEYWORDS:
IPI, Determinants, Maternal Outcomes, Perinatal Outcomes, Birth Spacing
JOURNAL NAME:
Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Vol.16 No.5,
May
25,
2026
ABSTRACT: Background: Short inter-pregnancy interval (IPI), defined as less than 24 months between a live birth and subsequent conception, is a critical modifiable risk factor for maternal and neonatal morbidity. In Cameroon, high fertility rates and unmet needs for birth spacing persist, contributing to high maternal and neonatal mortality. Objective: This study aimed to identify the prevalence, determinants, and outcomes of short IPI, and evaluate maternal knowledge regarding optimal birth spacing among women delivering at two public hospitals in Douala, Cameroon. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional analytic study was conducted from February to May 2022 at Douala Laquintinie and Nylon District Hospitals. Overall, 408 pregnant women with at least one previous live birth (vaginal and caesarean) within five years were recruited using purposive sampling after screening 450 women. Data collected via structured Likert scale questionnaires and clinical record reviews were analyzed using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of short IPI was 42.9%. Independent predictors included maternal age ≤ 20 years, primary education, parity ≥ 4, breastfeeding Conclusion: Short IPI is common among women delivering at these facilities and linked to adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Despite fair general awareness, specific knowledge gaps regarding optimal intervals persist. Integrate birth spacing counseling and modern contraception in postpartum, prioritizing the risk-mitigating 24 - 59-month window.