TITLE:
Impact of Simulation-Based Training on Camera Angulation Skills in Novice Laparoscopists: A Randomized Controlled Study
AUTHORS:
Rhoda John Nzella, Junjie Wu, Sidney Moses Amadi, Qiutong Man, Edward N. Duo, Zhifei Wang
KEYWORDS:
Laparoscopic Training, Camera Angulation, Simulation-Based Education, Minimally Invasive Surgery
JOURNAL NAME:
Surgical Science,
Vol.17 No.5,
May
22,
2026
ABSTRACT: Background: Effective camera handling is fundamental to laparoscopic surgery, yet structured training in camera angulation is often underemphasized in early Minimal Invasive Surgery (MIS) education. This randomized controlled study evaluated the impact of angle-specific simulation training on novice performance across three clinically relevant trocar entry points. Methods: Twenty medical trainees with no prior MIS experience were randomized to a simulation-trained group or a theory-only control group. The study group completed fifteen structured sessions (five per angle), while controls received only a baseline lecture. All participants performed standardized bean-transfer tasks under Umbilical, Palmer’s Point, and Lee-Huang angles. Outcomes included task completion time, error patterns, and camera stability; subjective ratings assessed visualization and spatial orientation. Semi-structured interviews explored cognitive adaptation. Results: Sixteen participants completed the study. The simulation group achieved significantly faster task times across all five sessions compared with controls (all p Conclusion: Structured camera-angle simulation training significantly enhances speed, accuracy, and stability in laparoscopic visualization tasks, while improving novices’ spatial orientation and confidence. Early integration of angle-specific modules into MIS curricula may accelerate visuospatial readiness and improve foundational operative skills.