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Li, S., & Yan, S. (2012). Determining the Objectives of Knowledge and Ability Curriculum Based on the Iceberg Model. China Educational Technology, No. 11, 22-26.

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• TITLE: Construction and Validation of a Creative Teaching Competence Scale for EFL Teachers

  AUTHORS: Qiuyu Xu, Kailun Wu, Huang Zuo

  KEYWORDS: Creative Teaching Competence, EFL Teachers, Scale Development, Teacher Agency, High-Stakes Testing, Educational Ecology

  JOURNAL NAME: Creative Education, Vol.17 No.4, April 30, 2026

  ABSTRACT: This paper aims to develop and validate a Creative Teaching Competence (CTC) scale for Chinese high school EFL teachers. The study uses expert review, pilot testing, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and subgroup comparisons to propose a three-factor structure consisting of Knowledge, Ability, and Beliefs/Affect. The main findings indicate a moderate overall CTC level, relatively stronger Beliefs/Affect than Knowledge, and significant urban-rural differences.