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Fritz, H., Abdelsalam, M., Ali, K. A., Bingen, B., Collins, A. S., Fowler, A. R. et al. (2013). Orogen Styles in the East African Orogen: A Review of the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian Tectonic Evolution. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 86, 65-106.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2013.06.004

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Satellite-Based Assessment of Quarry-Induced Vegetation Degradation at Kaseve Quarry, Machakos County, Kenya (2015-2024)

  AUTHORS: Charles Ngala Kithome, Julian A. Ogondo, Mary Mwangi

  KEYWORDS: Quarrying, Vegetation Degradation, NDVI, Remote Sensing, Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, Machakos County

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, Vol.14 No.4, April 28, 2026

  ABSTRACT: Quarrying activities are a significant driver of vegetation degradation globally, yet quantitative assessments of their ecological impacts remain limited, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluates vegetation loss at Kaseve Quarry in Machakos County, Kenya, using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis derived from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery spanning 2015 to 2024. The research employed a descriptive and quantitative design, processing multi-temporal satellite data through Google Earth Engine to generate annual NDVI composites. Spatial analysis was conducted across distance-based zones (0 - 250 m, 250 - 500 m, 500 - 750 m, 750 - 1000 m, and >1000 m reference zone) and directional sectors around the quarry boundary. Ground-truthing validated satellite-derived indices. Results revealed a substantial 49.1% decline in NDVI values within the quarry area (from 0.55 in 2015 to 0.28 in 2024), while the reference area maintained stable values (0.55 - 0.58). Linear regression analysis demonstrated a highly significant negative trend (−0.0297 NDVI units/year, R2 = 0.984, p