TITLE:
A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in Relation to Water Sanitation in Brazil and the USA
AUTHORS:
Tanyi Obenson, Brian Graves
KEYWORDS:
Cryptosporidium, Systematic Review, Prevalence, Brazil, USA
JOURNAL NAME:
Advances in Infectious Diseases,
Vol.16 No.2,
April
23,
2026
ABSTRACT: Outcome: The primary outcome is to determine how the cryptosporidium rates in Brazil may differ from the USA as a result of water sanitation methods. The rates of cryptosporidium occurrence are utilized for the Brazil versus USA comparison. Objectives: This systematic review aimed at determining how water sanitation practices affect the cryptosporidium rates between the United States and Brazil. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using Google Scholar and EBSCO databases for studies. The studies search was based on articles published between 2020 and 2025. Search strings included a combination of terms such as “cryptosporidium”, “water sanitation practices in USA” and “water sanitation in Brazil” and terms related to cryptosporidium and water quality. Results: Out of a total of 14,080 resources found, 15 were considered for review and complied with the inclusion criteria. Findings suggest that inadequate water sanitation practices led to higher rates of cryptosporidium in Brazil in comparison to the United States. Conclusions: The review suggests that water sanitation practices in Brazil and subpar to the USA, thereby facilitating the higher incidence of cryptosporidium rates.