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Omi, R., Sakamoto, A., Ando, R., Akiyama, K., Kimura, F., Kashibuchi, M., Naito, M., Takahira, M., Sakamoto, K., Adachi, N., Suzuki, K., Kato, S., & Sakamoto, T. (2005). Causal Relationships between Internet Use and Practical Information Utilization Skills: A Three-Wave Panel Study of Junior High School Students. Japan Journal of Educational Technology, 29, 11-21.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Exploring the Causal Relationship between Life Skills and Self-Esteem in University Freshmen: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis

  AUTHORS: Yulong Chen, Kazuki Fujita

  KEYWORDS: Life Skill, Self-Esteem, University Student, Cross-Lagged Effect Model

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.14 No.4, April 22, 2026

  ABSTRACT: This study aims to examine the state of self-esteem among university freshmen and explore strategies for enhancing self-esteem by analyzing the causal relationship between life skills and self-esteem. Specifically, it assesses whether the acquisition of life skills among university freshmen promotes self-esteem. The method involved a panel survey conducted at two time points targeting university freshmen, followed by a structural equation model analysis using a cross-lagged effect model. The analysis included 203 university freshmen (men = 157, women = 46, mean age = 18.8 ± 0.9 years) attending a private university in Kyoto Prefecture. The first survey (T1) was conducted at the beginning of the fall-winter semester in September 2022, and the second survey (T2) took place at the end of the same semester in January 2023. This study found that in the post-COVID-19 social environment, the higher the interpersonal skills of university freshmen, the lower their self-esteem.