TITLE:
Seasonal Dynamics of Stem Borer Composition, Diversity, and Damage on Maize (Zea mays L.) in Ghana: Insights from Historical Field Records
AUTHORS:
Ismaila Mbenga, Jakpasu Victor Kofi Afun
KEYWORDS:
Maize, Stem Borers, Seasonal Infestation, Species Diversity, Busseola fusca, Eldana saccharina, Sesamia calamistis
JOURNAL NAME:
Advances in Entomology,
Vol.14 No.2,
April
14,
2026
ABSTRACT: Maize stem borers are among the most destructive insect pests affecting maize production in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding their seasonal dynamics is essential for effective pest management strategies. This study evaluated seasonal differences in infestation levels, species composition, diversity, and damage indicators of stem borers infesting maize during the major and minor cropping seasons in Ghana. The study utilized historical data derived from field experiments conducted in 2009 at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana. Weekly observations of stem borer infestation were recorded over five weeks during the major season and four weeks during the minor season. Three stem borer species were identified: Busseola fusca, Eldana saccharina, and Sesamia calamistis. Mean larval abundance was comparable between seasons, with values of 2.47 larvae per plant during the major season and 2.49 larvae per plant during the minor season. Independent sample t-tests indicated no statistically significant differences in seasonal infestation levels (p > 0.05). Harvest assessments indicated slightly higher plant damage during the minor season. Species diversity, as measured by Shannon indices, was similar between the major and minor seasons (1.00 and 1.02, respectively). These findings provide valuable baseline information on maize stem borer communities in Ghana prior to the invasion of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). The study highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and integrated pest management strategies for sustainable maize production.