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McFarland, J., Hussar, B., Zhang, J., Wang, X., Wang, K., Hein, S., Diliberti, M., Forrest Cataldi, E., Bullock Mann, F., & Barmer, A. (2019). The Condition of Education 2019 (NCES 2019-144). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019144.pdf

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Discipline at a Crossroads: The Rise and Reform of Student Indiscipline in Ghanaian Senior High Schools

  AUTHORS: Bismark Bosso Fermah, Lianyu Cai

  KEYWORDS: School Indiscipline, Socio-Ecological Drivers, Restorative Justice, Positive Discipline Policy

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.14 No.4, April 1, 2026

  ABSTRACT: This study evaluates increasing indiscipline in senior high schools in Ghana, investigating its socio-ecological drivers, policy gaps, and academic impacts. The major contributors are peer influence, poor teacher-student relationships, and weak parental supervision. The findings also reveal that bullying, truancy, and academic dishonesty are connected to overcrowded classrooms, inadequate counselling, and socioeconomic pressures. It compares the post-corporal punishment disciplinary gap with restorative justice. The study recommends setting up a National Positive Discipline Policy, a student-staff discipline committee, community-parent partnerships, and training teachers in trauma-informed approaches. It underscores the need for a collaborative, non-punitive approach to align school rules with youth realities.