TITLE:
New Method for Extracting the Mass of Valence Quarks in Protons—New Views on Protons
AUTHORS:
Jianming Wang
KEYWORDS:
Valence Quark, Quark Law, Three Generation Proton, Exact Ratio, New Method
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology,
Vol.12 No.2,
March
31,
2026
ABSTRACT: Protons are made up of quarks and gluons. The valence quarks in protons are divided into two up quarks and one down quark. In particle physics, there is no breakthrough in studying the mass relationship between three valence quarks in protons. Because: (1) Quarks are confined in protons, the mass of quarks cannot be obtained directly from experiments, so there is a lack of experimental basis for research. (2) The mass obtained by quarks through Higgs mechanism and vacuum condensation of QCD is not accurate, so there is a lack of theoretical data. (3) The mass of different quarks needs different extraction methods because of their different properties. There are many methods to extract quark mass, such as QCD summation rule, calculation of mass matrix elements, Lattice QCD, and high-energy collision experiment, which generally need to be finally determined through experimental data and theoretical calculation. Therefore, it is difficult for traditional methods to study the mass relationship between three valence quarks in protons. In this paper, A new research method is found. By finding the exact ratio of the mass of the up quark and the down quark, the relationship among the three valence quarks can be found. Based on the experimental results of seaquest carried out by Fermilab in 2021, through analysis, the accurate ratio of up quark to down quark mass (
m
u
/
m
d
=0.707
) is obtained, and the mass triangle is established. It is deduced that the sum of squares of up quark mass in protons is equal to the square of down quark mass. The mathematical expression is:
m
u
2
+
m
u
2
=
m
d
2
; According to the observation of the decay law of other baryons, the quark law in baryons is obtained: except for protons, the heavy quarks in other baryons will decay into up quarks or down quarks, and the sum of squares of up quarks should be equal to the square of down quarks. According to
m
u
2
+
m
u
2
=
m
d
2
, it is deduced that there are three generations of protons in the universe. The core of the view that there are three generations of protons in the universe is that the proton in the center of the star and the proton valence quark on the surface are different. Using the viewpoint that there are three generations of protons in the universe, we can explain some unsolved mysteries of the sun, analyze the reasons for the expansion of the universe, and create conditions for the final cracking of dark matter and dark energy.